长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度

doi:10.17520/biods.2021365

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 21365. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021365

所属专题：青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 中国猫科动物研究与保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度

王东¹^,², 赛青高娃¹^,², 王子涵¹^,², 赵宏秀⁴, 连新明¹^,³^,^*()

1.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所高原生物适应与进化重点实验室, 西宁 810008
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室, 西宁 810008
4.青海大学生态环境工程学院, 西宁 810016

收稿日期:2021-09-10 接受日期:2021-12-29 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-01-13
通讯作者: 连新明
作者简介:* E-mail: lianxinming@nwipb.cas.cn
基金资助:
生态环境部生物多样性保护专项(201104);三江源国家公园雪豹及栖息地保护项目;中国科学院和青海省人民政府联合研究专项(LHZX-2020-01-12);国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC0507404)

Spatiotemporal overlap among sympatric Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red fox (V. vulpes) in the source region of the Yangtze River

Dong Wang¹^,², Qinggaowa Sai¹^,², Zihan Wang¹^,², Hongxiu Zhao⁴, Xinming Lian¹^,³^,^*()

1. Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008
4. College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016

Received:2021-09-10 Accepted:2021-12-29 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-01-13
Contact: Xinming Lian

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

兔狲(Otocolobus manul)、藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)和赤狐(V. vulpes)是青藏高原三江源区域分布的重要小型食肉兽。本研究于2014年6月至2019年9月在青海省长江源区沱沱河和通天河沿岸选取208个位点布设红外相机, 通过所获取的时空分布数据比较了上述3种同域分布小型食肉兽的时空利用情况。通过空间重叠度系数的比较分析, 兔狲和藏狐、兔狲和赤狐以及藏狐和赤狐之间的空间重叠度系数分别为0.25、0.48和0.17, 这表明兔狲、藏狐和赤狐三者在空间利用上存在一定的差异。通过核密度估计方法分析, 兔狲和藏狐属典型的昼行性动物, 而赤狐以夜行性活动为主。兔狲、藏狐和赤狐每个物种在冷暖两季的日活动节律重叠指数分别为0.83、0.78和0.88。两两比较分析表明, 兔狲和藏狐二者的日活动节律重叠指数最高(0.84), 兔狲和赤狐在夜间活动时段存在一定重叠(0.63), 而藏狐和赤狐的时间生态位分化最明显, 重叠指数最低(0.48)。此外, 在暖季, 两两物种之间的日活动节律重叠指数均小于其冷季的重叠指数。综上所述, 长江源区兔狲、藏狐和赤狐3种小型食肉兽可通过空间和时间资源的利用差异来降低物种间的干扰和竞争, 从而达到同域物种共存的目的。

关键词: 长江源区, 兔狲, 藏狐, 赤狐, 红外相机, 时空重叠度, 资源利用差异

Abstract

Aim: Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red fox (V. vulpes) are small sympatric carnivores inhabiting the Sanjiangyuan region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The spatiotemporal overlaps between these species were analyzed in this study.
Methods: From June 2014 to September 2019, we set up 208 infrared cameras along the Tuotuo River and the Tongtian River in the source region of the Yangtze River to collect the daily activity rhythm and spatial distribution data of three carnivores. The spatial overlap coefficient was used to evaluate spatial niche differentiation and the kernel density estimation method was utilized to evaluate daily activity rhythm. Then, the overlap coefficient of rhythms was applied to analyze the temporal niche differentiation among the three carnivores.
Results: The spatial overlap coefficients between Pallas’s cat and Tibetan fox, Pallas’s cat and red fox, and Tibetan fox and red fox were 0.25, 0.48 and 0.17, respectively. This indicated that there were differences in space utilization among the three carnivores. The results of daily activity rhythm demonstrated that Pallas’s cats and Tibetan foxes displayed diurnal behavioral patterns and red foxes were primarily nocturnal. The overlap coefficients of daily activity rhythms of Pallas’s cats, Tibetan foxes, and red foxes between the cold and warm seasons were 0.83, 0.78 and 0.88, respectively. Between any two species, the highest overlap coefficient (0.84) of daily activity rhythm was between the Pallas’s cats and Tibetan foxes, and the lowest overlap coefficient (0.48) was between the Tibetan foxes and red foxes. A lower coefficient meant more significant temporal niche differentiation. Additionally, the overlap coefficients of daily activity rhythm between the two species were smaller in the warm season than those in the cold season.
Conclusion: In the source region of the Yangtze River, the three small sympatric carnivores could reduce interference and competition through spatial or/and temporal niche differentiation and thus achieve coexistence.

Key words: the source region of the Yangtze River, Pallas’s cat, Tibetan fox, red fox, infrared camera, spatiotemporal overlap, difference in resource utilization

王东, 赛青高娃, 王子涵, 赵宏秀, 连新明 (2022) 长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度. 生物多样性, 30, 21365. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021365.

Dong Wang, Qinggaowa Sai, Zihan Wang, Hongxiu Zhao, Xinming Lian (2022) Spatiotemporal overlap among sympatric Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red fox (V. vulpes) in the source region of the Yangtze River. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21365. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021365.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021365

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I9/21365

图/表 3

表1 兔狲、藏狐和赤狐3个物种的红外相机调查信息

Table 1 Detailed survey information in the Pallas’s cat, Tibetan fox and red fox by infrared cameras

	姜古迪如冰川 The Jianggudiru Glacier	唐古拉山镇及通天河口 The Tanggulashan Town and the mouth of Tongtian River	烟瘴挂大峡谷 The Yanzhanggua Valley	曲麻莱县巴干乡 The Bagan Town in the Qumalai County
海拔范围 Elevation range (m)	5,432-6,393	4,478-4,979	4,125-5,874	3,897-4,900
红外相机网格 Infrared camera grids	1 km × 1 km	1 km × 1 km	5 km × 5 km	5 km × 5 km
红外相机位点数 No. of camera locations	13	60	57	78
调查时间 Survey duration	2015.10-2016.10	2017.09-2018.12	2014.06-2015.12	2018.11-2019.09
调查面积 Survey area (km²)	10	60	300	550
目标物种有效照片数 No. of valid photos of the three species	0	215	712	550
目标物种独立有效照片数 No. of independent photos of the three species	0	78	185	158

图1 研究区域红外相机布设位点图及兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的空间分布位点图。A: 姜古迪如冰川; B: 唐古拉山镇及通天河口; C: 烟瘴挂大峡谷; D: 曲麻莱县巴干乡。

Fig. 1 Infrared-camera trapping sites and spatial distribution of Pallas’s cat, Tibetan fox and red fox along the Tuotuo River and Tongtian River in the source region of the Yangtze River. A, Jianggudiru Glacier; B, Tanggulashan Town and mouth of the Tongtian River; C, Yanzhanggua Valley; D, Bagan Town in the Qumalai County.

图2 长江源区兔狲、藏狐、赤狐的日活动节律曲线图。图a、b、c表示3个物种全年日活动节律曲线图; d、e、f表示3个物种冷暖两季日活动节律曲线图; g、h、i表示3个物种两两间全年日活动节律比较曲线图; j、k、l表示3个物种两两间冷季日活动节律比较曲线图; m、n、o表示3个物种两两间暖季日活动节律比较曲线图。Δ表示活动时间重叠指数。

Fig. 2 Daily activity rhythms of Pallas’s cat, Tibetan fox, and red fox in the source area of the Yangtze River. a, b and c represent the daily activity rhythms of each species throughout the year; d, e and f represent overlaps of daily activity rhythms in each species between cold and warm seasons; g, h and i represent overlaps of the daily activity rhythms throughout the year between 3 species; j, k and l represent overlaps of daily activity rhythms between 3 species in the cold season; m, n and o represent overlaps of daily activity rhythms between 3 species in the warm season. Δ represent the coefficient of overlap.

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长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度

Spatiotemporal overlap among sympatric Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red fox (V. vulpes) in the source region of the Yangtze River

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