钱江源国家公园森林群落的物种多样性、结构多样性及其对黑麂出现概率的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2022518

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 22518. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022518

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

钱江源国家公园森林群落的物种多样性、结构多样性及其对黑麂出现概率的影响

楼晨阳¹^,²^,³, 任海保³, 陈小南⁴, 米湘成³, 童冉¹, 朱念福¹, 陈磊³, 吴统贵¹^,^*(), 申小莉³^,^*()

1.中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所, 浙江富阳 311400
2.南京林业大学, 南京 210037
3.中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
4.钱江源国家公园管理局, 浙江开化 324300

收稿日期:2022-09-07 接受日期:2023-05-16 出版日期:2023-06-20 发布日期:2023-05-30
通讯作者: * E-mail: wutonggui@163.com;xlshen@ibcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
钱江源国家公园委托项目

Species and structural diversity of forest communities in Qianjiangyuan National Park and their impacts on the occurrence of black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)

Chenyang Lou¹^,²^,³, Haibao Ren³, Xiaonan Chen⁴, Xiangcheng Mi³, Ran Tong¹, Nianfu Zhu¹, Lei Chen³, Tonggui Wu¹^,^*(), Xiaoli Shen³^,^*()

1. Research Institute of Sub-tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, Zhejiang 311400
2. Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037
3. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
4. Qianjiangyuan National Park Administration, Kaihua, Zhejiang 324300

Received:2022-09-07 Accepted:2023-05-16 Online:2023-06-20 Published:2023-05-30
Contact: * E-mail: wutonggui@163.com;xlshen@ibcas.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林群落的物种多样性和结构多样性是影响野生动物栖息地选择的重要因子, 以往针对黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)栖息地特征的研究多探讨森林类型对黑麂出现概率的影响, 而针对反映森林群落特征的微生境因子的研究相对匮乏。本研究基于钱江源国家公园164个位点的红外相机监测数据和20 m × 20 m植物长期监测样方数据, 从物种多样性和结构多样性两个维度研究了4种主要森林类型(常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、针叶林)的木本植物群落特征及其对黑麂出现概率的影响。结果表明: 常绿阔叶林木本植物的物种多样性显著高于针叶林(P < 0.05), 其结构多样性显著高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林和针叶林(P < 0.05), 其余森林类型间的物种多样性和结构多样性均无显著差异。样地内木本植物的物种多样性和结构多样性之间无明显相关关系。对黑麂微生境特征的分析结果显示, 黑麂偏好常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 且海拔和坡度越高其出现概率越高; 木本植物胸径Shannon多样性指数越大、胸径 < 5 cm木本植物平均胸径越大时, 黑麂的出现概率越高, 表明黑麂偏好结构多样性高、林下植被个体长势良好的森林。本研究结果对钱江源国家公园黑麂的栖息地恢复和管理、廊道选址和建设有一定的指导意义。

关键词: 亚热带森林, 物种多样性, 结构多样性, 黑麂, 红外相机技术

Abstract

Aims: The species diversity and structural diversity of forest communities are important factors influencing wildlife habitat selection. Most previous studies on habitat characteristics of vulnerable Muntiacus crinifrons have investigated the effect of forest type on the occurrence of the species, while studies examining the effect of microhabitat factors on the occurrence of the species are relatively scarce.

Methods: Based on data from 164 sites collected by infrared camera monitoring (camera-trapping) and 20 m × 20 m fixed vegetation plots in Qianjiangyuan National Park, this study investigated the characteristics of woody plant communities of four major forest types (evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and coniferous forest) in two dimensions: species diversity (the number of different plant species in a particular area) and structural diversity (the relative degree of diversity or complexity of vegetation in a habitat area), and their relation to the presence of black muntjac.

Results: Statistical results indicated that the woody plant diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest was significantly higher than that of coniferous forest (P < 0.05), and its structural diversity was significantly higher than that of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous forest (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in species and structural diversity among the remaining forest types. No correlation between species and structural diversity of woody plants was found at our sample plots. The analysis of the microhabitat characteristics of black muntjac showed that the species preferred evergreen broad-leaved forest and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. The presence of black muntjac increased with the greater elevation and slope, which was also positively correlated with the DBH Shannon diversity of woody species and the average DBH of understory plants (woody plants with DBH < 5 cm). The higher the Shannon diversity index of woody plant diameter at breast height and the average diameter at breast height of woody plants < 5 cm, the higher the probability of black muntjac occurrence.

Conclusion: Our results show that structural diversity has a real impact on black muntjac populations. Black muntjac prefers forests with high structural diversity coupled with dense growth of individual understory vegetation at high elevation (between 800-1,000 m a.s.l.) and steep areas. Our findings have important implications for habitat restoration and management as well as corridor site selection and construction for black muntjac in Qianjiangyuan National Park.

Key words: sub-tropical forest, species diversity, structural diversity, Muntiacus crinifrons, camera-trapping

楼晨阳, 任海保, 陈小南, 米湘成, 童冉, 朱念福, 陈磊, 吴统贵, 申小莉 (2023) 钱江源国家公园森林群落的物种多样性、结构多样性及其对黑麂出现概率的影响. 生物多样性, 31, 22518. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022518.

Chenyang Lou, Haibao Ren, Xiaonan Chen, Xiangcheng Mi, Ran Tong, Nianfu Zhu, Lei Chen, Tonggui Wu, Xiaoli Shen (2023) Species and structural diversity of forest communities in Qianjiangyuan National Park and their impacts on the occurrence of black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons). Biodiversity Science, 31, 22518. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022518.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022518

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I6/22518

图/表 7

图1 钱江源国家公园164个调查位点黑麂的出现情况(出现和不出现)

Fig. 1 Occurrence of black muntjac (presence and absence) at the 164 sampling locations in the Qianjiangyuan National Park

表1 钱江源国家公园内用于黑麂出现概率评估的植被因子

Table 1 Vegetation factors for assessing the occurrence probability of black muntjac in the Qianjiangyuan National Park

变量 Variables	变量类型 Variable type	范围/类型 Range/Content	数据来源 Data source
基本特征 Basic features
森林起源 Forest origin	分类 Categorical	原始林、次生林、人工林 Primary forest, secondary forest, planted forest	红外相机调查 Infrared camera survey
森林类型 Forest type	分类 Categorical	常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、针叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and coniferous forest	红外相机调查 Infrared camera survey
平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	连续 Continuous	0-19.98	激光雷达 Lidar
林冠孔隙度 Gap fraction	连续 Continuous	0-0.36	激光雷达 Lidar
0-1.5 m灌木和草本层盖度 0-1.5 m shrub and herb layer coverage	连续 Continuous	0-0.25	激光雷达 Lidar
物种多样性 Species diversity
物种丰富度 Species richness	连续 Continuous	0-60	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Shannon多样性指数 Shannon diversity index	连续 Continuous	0-3.50	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
结构多样性 Structural diversity
平均胸径 Average DBH (cm)	连续 Continuous	2-12.71	植被样方 Vegetation plot
木本植物胸径总和 Sum of DBH of woody plants (cm)	连续 Continuous	166-2,612	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径 < 5 cm木本植物的平均胸径 Average DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm (cm)	连续 Continuous	1.81-3.10	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径 < 5 cm木本植物的胸径总和 Sum of DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm (cm)	连续 Continuous	180.1-1,248.5	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径变异系数 Coefficient of variation of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1.73	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Gini指数 Gini index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-0.63	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Shannon多样性指数 Shannon diversity index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1.49	植被样方 Vegetation plot

表1 钱江源国家公园内用于黑麂出现概率评估的植被因子

Table 1 Vegetation factors for assessing the occurrence probability of black muntjac in the Qianjiangyuan National Park

变量 Variables	变量类型 Variable type	范围/类型 Range/Content	数据来源 Data source
基本特征 Basic features
森林起源 Forest origin	分类 Categorical	原始林、次生林、人工林 Primary forest, secondary forest, planted forest	红外相机调查 Infrared camera survey
森林类型 Forest type	分类 Categorical	常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、针叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and coniferous forest	红外相机调查 Infrared camera survey
平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	连续 Continuous	0-19.98	激光雷达 Lidar
林冠孔隙度 Gap fraction	连续 Continuous	0-0.36	激光雷达 Lidar
0-1.5 m灌木和草本层盖度 0-1.5 m shrub and herb layer coverage	连续 Continuous	0-0.25	激光雷达 Lidar
物种多样性 Species diversity
物种丰富度 Species richness	连续 Continuous	0-60	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Shannon多样性指数 Shannon diversity index	连续 Continuous	0-3.50	植被样方 Vegetation plot
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
结构多样性 Structural diversity
平均胸径 Average DBH (cm)	连续 Continuous	2-12.71	植被样方 Vegetation plot
木本植物胸径总和 Sum of DBH of woody plants (cm)	连续 Continuous	166-2,612	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径 < 5 cm木本植物的平均胸径 Average DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm (cm)	连续 Continuous	1.81-3.10	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径 < 5 cm木本植物的胸径总和 Sum of DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm (cm)	连续 Continuous	180.1-1,248.5	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径变异系数 Coefficient of variation of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1.73	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Gini指数 Gini index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-0.63	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1	植被样方 Vegetation plot
胸径Shannon多样性指数 Shannon diversity index of DBH	连续 Continuous	0-1.49	植被样方 Vegetation plot

图2 钱江源国家公园4种森林类型的物种多样性特征。EBF: 常绿阔叶林; EDBF: 常绿落叶阔叶混交林; CBF: 针阔叶混交林; CF: 针叶林。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Species diversity of four forest types in the Qianjiangyuan National Park. EBF, Evergreen broad-leaved forests; EDBF, Evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest; CBF, Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; CF, Coniferous forest. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

图3 钱江源国家公园4种森林类型的结构多样性。EBF: 常绿阔叶林; EDBF: 常绿落叶阔叶混交林; CBF: 针阔叶混交林; CF: 针叶林。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Structural diversity of four forest types in the Qianjiangyuan National Park. DBH, Diameter at breast height; EBF, Evergreen broad-leaved forests; EDBF, Evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest; CBF, Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; CF, Coniferous forest. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

表2 二元logistic模型内各变量对黑麂出现概率的影响。** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Table 2 Effects of variables within the logistic model on the occurrence probability of black muntjac. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

变量 Variables	系数 Coefficient (B)	标准误 SE	z统计量 z value	P值 P value	优势比 Exp(B)
常量 Constant	-4.0138	0.7456	-5.384	7.3 × 10^-8***	0.0180641
胸径 < 5 cm木本植物平均胸径 Average DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm (cm)	3.0082	1.1044	2.724	0.00645^**	20.251881
海拔 Elevation (m)	3.0554	0.9311	3.282	0.00103^**	21.229880

图4 黑麂出现概率与海拔、胸径 < 5 cm木本植物平均胸径之间的响应曲线

Fig. 4 Response curve of elevation, average DBH of woody plants with DBH < 5 cm and black muntjac occurrence probability

图5 各变量间的结构方程模型分析。实线表明路径检验显著, 虚线表明路径检验不显著。线条边的数字为标准化的路径系数, 数字的正负分表代表正的和负的直接影响。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。模型拟合效果良好, 显著性概率P = 0.16 > 0.05, AIC = 60.55, BIC = 144.25。

Fig. 5 Structural equation modelling between the variables. Solid line indicates significant path, while dashed line indicates insignificant path. The numbers along the lines are normalized path coefficients, and the positive and negative numbers represent the direct effect of positive and negative. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. The model fit well with chi-probability of significance P = 0.16 > 0.05, AIC = 60.55, and BIC = 144.25.

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钱江源国家公园森林群落的物种多样性、结构多样性及其对黑麂出现概率的影响

Species and structural diversity of forest communities in Qianjiangyuan National Park and their impacts on the occurrence of black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons)

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