生物多样性 ›› 2010, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (1): 50-59. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.050
收稿日期:
2009-08-26
接受日期:
2009-12-31
出版日期:
2010-01-20
发布日期:
2010-01-20
通讯作者:
龚志军
作者简介:
* E-mail: zjgong@niglas.ac.cn基金资助:
Yongjiu Cai1,2, Zhijun Gong1,*(), Boqiang Qin1
Received:
2009-08-26
Accepted:
2009-12-31
Online:
2010-01-20
Published:
2010-01-20
Contact:
Zhijun Gong
摘要:
为揭示现阶段太湖大型底栖动物群落现状及其对生态环境变化的响应, 于2007年2月至2008年11月对太湖大型底栖动物进行为期两周年的季度调查。30个采样点共记录底栖动物3门7纲19科40种, 底栖动物平均密度和生物量空间差异较大, 平均密度高值出现在梅梁湾、竺山湾及河口, 主要为寡毛纲颤蚓类; 平均生物量高值出现在贡湖湾、西湖区、东太湖和东部湖湾, 主要为软体动物。霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、中华河蚓(Rhyacodrilus sinicus)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)和钩虾属一种(Gammarus sp.)是现阶段太湖大型底栖动物的优势种。聚类分析将30个采样点分成3组, 相似性分析检验表明各聚类组大型底栖动物群落具有显著差异(P<0.05)。多样性分析结果表明, 东太湖和东部湖湾物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度最高, 优势种为腹足纲螺类; 梅梁湾、竺山湾及河口多样性最低、密度最高, 霍甫水丝蚓和中华河蚓在该区占据绝对优势; 贡湖湾、湖心和西湖区多样性处于中等水平, 其优势种为河蚬。研究结果表明营养水平、底质类型以及水生植被的分布是决定太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的关键因子。
蔡永久, 龚志军, 秦伯强 (2010) 太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性. 生物多样性, 18, 50-59. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.050.
Yongjiu Cai, Zhijun Gong, Boqiang Qin (2010) Community structure and diversity of macrozoobenthos in Lake Taihu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Biodiversity Science, 18, 50-59. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.050.
物种 Species | 相对重要性指数 IRI | 物种 Species | 相对重要性指数 IRI |
---|---|---|---|
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta | 椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae | ||
仙女虫科 Naididae | 椭圆萝卜螺 Radix swinhoei | <1 | |
七鳃管盘虫 Aulophorus heptabranchiata | 17 | 扁蜷螺科 Planorbidae | |
指鳃尾盘虫 Dero digitata | 21 | 凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculus | <1 |
参差仙女虫 Nais variabilis | 10 | 黑螺科 Melaniidae | |
颤蚓科 Tubificidae | 方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | 12 | |
苏氏尾鳃蚓 Branchiura sowerbyi | 36 | 田螺科 Viviparidae | |
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 2,077 | 铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 535 |
巨毛水丝蚓 L. grandisetosus | 6 | 摇蚊幼虫 Chironomidae | |
水丝蚓属一种 Limnodrilus sp. | 7 | 半折摇蚊 Chironomus semireductus | 8 |
中华河蚓 Rhyacodrilus sinicus | 109 | 羽摇蚊 C. plumosus | <1 |
嫩丝蚓属一种 Teneridrilus sp. | <1 | 褐斑菱跗摇蚊 Clinotanypus sugiyamai | <1 |
颤蚓科一种 Tubificidae sp. | 三带环足摇蚊 Cricotopus trifasciatus | <1 | |
软体动物 Mollusca | 指突隐摇蚊 Cryptochironomus digitatus | <1 | |
双壳纲 Bivalvia | 侧叶雕翅摇蚊 Glyptotendipes lobiferus | <1 | |
蚬科 Corbiculidae | 小摇蚊属一种 Microchironomus sp. | 1 | |
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 1,788 | 多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp. | <1 |
截蛏科 Solecurtidae | 花翅前突摇蚊 Proclakius choreus | 2 | |
中国淡水蛏 Novaculina chinensis | <1 | 中国长足摇蚊 Tanypus chinensis | 46 |
球蚬科 Sphaeriidae | 长跗摇蚊属一种 Tanytarsus sp. | <1 | |
湖球蚬 Sphaerium lacustre | 4 | 其他 Others | |
蚌科 Unionidae | 端足目一种 Amphipoda sp. | 4 | |
背角无齿蚌 Anodonta woodiana woodiana | * | 虫怱属一种 Caenagrion sp. | <1 |
背瘤丽蚌 Lamprotula leai | * | 扁舌蛭 Glossiphonia complanata | <1 |
腹足纲 Gastropod | 钩虾属一种 Gammarus sp. | 137 | |
觿螺科 Hydrobiidae | 寡鳃齿吻沙蚕 Nephtys oligobranchia | 7 | |
长角涵螺 Alocinma longicornis | 13 | 多毛纲一种 Polychatea sp.1 | 41 |
纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus | 6 | 多毛纲一种 Polychatea sp.2 | 3 |
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra | 6 |
表1 太湖大型底栖动物种类组成及相对重要性指数
Table 1 Species composition of macrozoobenthos in Lake Taihu and showing the index of relative importance (IRI)
物种 Species | 相对重要性指数 IRI | 物种 Species | 相对重要性指数 IRI |
---|---|---|---|
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta | 椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae | ||
仙女虫科 Naididae | 椭圆萝卜螺 Radix swinhoei | <1 | |
七鳃管盘虫 Aulophorus heptabranchiata | 17 | 扁蜷螺科 Planorbidae | |
指鳃尾盘虫 Dero digitata | 21 | 凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculus | <1 |
参差仙女虫 Nais variabilis | 10 | 黑螺科 Melaniidae | |
颤蚓科 Tubificidae | 方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | 12 | |
苏氏尾鳃蚓 Branchiura sowerbyi | 36 | 田螺科 Viviparidae | |
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 2,077 | 铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 535 |
巨毛水丝蚓 L. grandisetosus | 6 | 摇蚊幼虫 Chironomidae | |
水丝蚓属一种 Limnodrilus sp. | 7 | 半折摇蚊 Chironomus semireductus | 8 |
中华河蚓 Rhyacodrilus sinicus | 109 | 羽摇蚊 C. plumosus | <1 |
嫩丝蚓属一种 Teneridrilus sp. | <1 | 褐斑菱跗摇蚊 Clinotanypus sugiyamai | <1 |
颤蚓科一种 Tubificidae sp. | 三带环足摇蚊 Cricotopus trifasciatus | <1 | |
软体动物 Mollusca | 指突隐摇蚊 Cryptochironomus digitatus | <1 | |
双壳纲 Bivalvia | 侧叶雕翅摇蚊 Glyptotendipes lobiferus | <1 | |
蚬科 Corbiculidae | 小摇蚊属一种 Microchironomus sp. | 1 | |
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 1,788 | 多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp. | <1 |
截蛏科 Solecurtidae | 花翅前突摇蚊 Proclakius choreus | 2 | |
中国淡水蛏 Novaculina chinensis | <1 | 中国长足摇蚊 Tanypus chinensis | 46 |
球蚬科 Sphaeriidae | 长跗摇蚊属一种 Tanytarsus sp. | <1 | |
湖球蚬 Sphaerium lacustre | 4 | 其他 Others | |
蚌科 Unionidae | 端足目一种 Amphipoda sp. | 4 | |
背角无齿蚌 Anodonta woodiana woodiana | * | 虫怱属一种 Caenagrion sp. | <1 |
背瘤丽蚌 Lamprotula leai | * | 扁舌蛭 Glossiphonia complanata | <1 |
腹足纲 Gastropod | 钩虾属一种 Gammarus sp. | 137 | |
觿螺科 Hydrobiidae | 寡鳃齿吻沙蚕 Nephtys oligobranchia | 7 | |
长角涵螺 Alocinma longicornis | 13 | 多毛纲一种 Polychatea sp.1 | 41 |
纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus | 6 | 多毛纲一种 Polychatea sp.2 | 3 |
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra | 6 |
图2 太湖大型底栖动物平均密度(A, ind./m2)和生物量(B, g/m2)空间分布及各类群底栖动物所占比例。Other_Oli代表除颤蚓科之外的寡毛类。
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of mean density (A, ind./m2) and biomass (B, g/m2) and the proportion of different groups in 30 sampling sites. Other_Oli: species of Oligochaeta excluding Tubificidae.
图4 基于30个采样点大型底栖动物密度的Bray-Curtis相似性系数的聚类分析树状图
Fig. 4 Dendrogram showing the hierarchical clustering of 30 sampling sites in Lake Taihu based on Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients
物种 Species | Group A | Group B | Group C |
---|---|---|---|
寡毛类 Oligochaeta | |||
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 7,883(50.29%) | 242(10.08%) | 115(18.46%) |
中华河蚓 Rhyacodrilus sinicus | 621(14.6%) | ||
苏氏尾鳃蚓 Branchiura sowerbyi | 51(4.97%) | 23(5.69%) | 44(10.12%) |
指鳃尾盘虫 Dero digitata | 211(5.79%) | ||
软体动物 Mollusca | |||
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 386(30.34%) | 36(6.8%) | |
铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 102(19.73%) | ||
方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | 19(5.43%) | ||
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra | 11(3.56%) | ||
长角涵螺 Alocinma longicornis | 50(14.13%) | ||
纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus | 31(6.57%) | ||
摇蚊幼虫 Chironomidae | |||
中国长足摇蚊 Tanypus chinensis | 302(5.31%) | ||
半折摇蚊 Chironomus semireductus | 46(3.04%) | ||
其他 Others | |||
钩虾属一种 Gammarus sp. | 357(7.22%) | 195(16.39%) | |
多毛类一种 Polychaeta sp.1 | 200(17.80%) | ||
合计 Total | 9,471(91.20%) | 1,046(80.30%) | 408(84.80%) |
表2 各聚类组大型底栖动物优势种平均密度(ind./m2)及其对组内相似性贡献百分比
Table 2 Mean density (ind./m2) of dominant species for each affinity group and the contribution (%) to with-in group similarity
物种 Species | Group A | Group B | Group C |
---|---|---|---|
寡毛类 Oligochaeta | |||
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 7,883(50.29%) | 242(10.08%) | 115(18.46%) |
中华河蚓 Rhyacodrilus sinicus | 621(14.6%) | ||
苏氏尾鳃蚓 Branchiura sowerbyi | 51(4.97%) | 23(5.69%) | 44(10.12%) |
指鳃尾盘虫 Dero digitata | 211(5.79%) | ||
软体动物 Mollusca | |||
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 386(30.34%) | 36(6.8%) | |
铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 102(19.73%) | ||
方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | 19(5.43%) | ||
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra | 11(3.56%) | ||
长角涵螺 Alocinma longicornis | 50(14.13%) | ||
纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus | 31(6.57%) | ||
摇蚊幼虫 Chironomidae | |||
中国长足摇蚊 Tanypus chinensis | 302(5.31%) | ||
半折摇蚊 Chironomus semireductus | 46(3.04%) | ||
其他 Others | |||
钩虾属一种 Gammarus sp. | 357(7.22%) | 195(16.39%) | |
多毛类一种 Polychaeta sp.1 | 200(17.80%) | ||
合计 Total | 9,471(91.20%) | 1,046(80.30%) | 408(84.80%) |
密度 Density | 生物量 Biomass | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Group B | Group C | Group A | Group B | Group C | ||||
直接收集者 Gatherers | 8,771(94.73%) | 604(57.91%) | 306(51.09%) | 18.14(24.35%) | 1.64(0.83%) | 1.08(0.69%) | |||
过滤收集者 Filterers | 138(1.49%) | 392(37.58%) | 37(6.18%) | 21.55(28.92%) | 182.58(92.40%) | 34.71(22.27%) | |||
捕食者 Predators | 294(3.18%) | 27(2.59%) | 20(3.34%) | 0.83(1.11%) | 0.13(0.07%) | 0.09(0.06%) | |||
刮食者 Scrapers | 44(0.48%) | 20(1.92%) | 232(38.73%) | 33.99(45.62%) | 13.24(6.70%) | 119.95(76.97%) | |||
撕食者 Shredders | 12(0.13%) | 0 | 4(0.67%) | 0 | 0 | 0.01(0.01%) |
表3 各聚类组不同功能摄食类群大型底栖动物平均密度(ind./m2)、生物量(g/m2)及其所占比例
Table 3 Mean density (ind./m2), biomass (g/m2) and the proportion of different functional feeding group in each affinity group
密度 Density | 生物量 Biomass | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Group B | Group C | Group A | Group B | Group C | ||||
直接收集者 Gatherers | 8,771(94.73%) | 604(57.91%) | 306(51.09%) | 18.14(24.35%) | 1.64(0.83%) | 1.08(0.69%) | |||
过滤收集者 Filterers | 138(1.49%) | 392(37.58%) | 37(6.18%) | 21.55(28.92%) | 182.58(92.40%) | 34.71(22.27%) | |||
捕食者 Predators | 294(3.18%) | 27(2.59%) | 20(3.34%) | 0.83(1.11%) | 0.13(0.07%) | 0.09(0.06%) | |||
刮食者 Scrapers | 44(0.48%) | 20(1.92%) | 232(38.73%) | 33.99(45.62%) | 13.24(6.70%) | 119.95(76.97%) | |||
撕食者 Shredders | 12(0.13%) | 0 | 4(0.67%) | 0 | 0 | 0.01(0.01%) |
图6 各聚类组大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener及Pielou多样性指数。各聚类组间不同字母表示具有显著差异(one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, P < 0.05)
Fig. 6 Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index of macrozoobenthos for each affinity group in Lake Taihu. Different letters indicate significant differences among the groups (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, P < 0.05)
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