喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局

doi:10.17520/biods.2017324

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (2): 191-201. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017324

所属专题：青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局

胡一鸣^1,^2,³, 梁健超^3,⁴, 金崑⁵, 丁志锋³, 周智鑫³, 胡慧建^3,^*, 蒋志刚^1,^2,^*

1 .中国科学院动物研究所, 北京 100101
2 .中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3 .广东省生物资源应用研究所, 广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室, 广东省野生动物保护与利用公共实验室, 广州 510260
4 .北京林业大学自然保护区学院, 北京 100083
5 .中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所, 北京 100091

收稿日期:2017-12-06 接受日期:2018-01-26 出版日期:2018-02-20 发布日期:2018-05-05
通讯作者: 胡慧建,蒋志刚
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31400361, 31372175)和科技基础性专项(2013FY110300)

The elevational patterns of mammalian richness in the Himalayas

Yiming Hu^1,^2,³, Jianchao Liang^3,⁴, Kun Jin⁵, Zhifeng Ding³, Zhixin Zhou³, Huijian Hu^3,^*, Zhigang Jiang^1,^2,^*

1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260
4 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
5 Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091

Received:2017-12-06 Accepted:2018-01-26 Online:2018-02-20 Published:2018-05-05
Contact: Hu Huijian,Jiang Zhigang
About author:# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物多样性的空间分布及其相关机制一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的热点问题。山地生态系统生境异质性和生物多样性高, 适合研究生物多样性空间分布及其相关机制。喜马拉雅山脉位于青藏高原南缘, 是全球生态热点区域。其地形复杂, 海拔落差大(100-8,844 m), 具有明显的垂直气候带。本研究通过整合野外调查和文献资料, 系统地分析了10目23科160属313种喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性的垂直分布格局, 发现该区域哺乳动物总体及其子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局都为左偏倚的中峰格局, 物种多样性在海拔900-1,400 m之间最高, 不同物种子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局的模式有所不同。UPGMA聚类分析表明, 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物群落沿海拔梯度可以划分为5个聚类簇(海拔100-1,500 m、1,500-2,000 m、2,000-3,000 m、3,000-4,200 m以及4,200-6,000 m的地区), 大致与该地区植被的垂直带分布相吻合。喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性在中低海拔最为丰富, 可能跟东洋界与古北界生物群扩散后的交汇地带相关。喜马拉雅山区贯通南北的沟谷是生物扩散和迁移的通道, 沟谷内水热资源较好, 气候稳定性高, 为高山生态系统内各种生物创造了栖息条件。综上, 喜马拉雅山沟谷地区是生物多样性热点地区, 也是生物扩散和交流关键的“生态走廊”, 应加强对喜马拉雅山沟谷地区的保护, 以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。

关键词: 喜马拉雅山, 哺乳动物物种多样性, 垂直分布格局, 空间分布格局

Abstract

Studies of the distribution of biodiversity are hotspots in ecology and biogeography. Mountain ecosystems, which contain high habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity, play an important role in biodiversity conservation. The Himalayas are located in the southern rim of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The complicated geological topography, vast elevational gradients (100-8,844 m), significant vertical climatic zonation, and diverse biodiversity make it an ideal study area for biodiversity distribution research. By combining field data and data from museum records and literature, 313 mammal species were found for each 100 m elevational band along the gradient from 100 to 6,000 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Himalayas. Most of the elevational species richness patterns were hump-shaped. Species richness of the overall mammals peaked at an elevation of 900-1,400 m. Species composition along the elevational gradient in the Himalayas can be classified into five groups (100-1,500 m, 1,500-2,000 m, 2,000-3,000 m, 3,000-4,200 m and 4,200-6,000 m a.s.l.) using UPGMA clustering of elevation-based species assemblages, which was similar to the divisions of the vertical vegetation zone. The distribution of mammals is uneven, with low diversity found in the northern slope of the Himalayas and high diversity in the southern slope; the valleys on south slope of the Himalayas that contain higher biodiversity are biological corridors connecting the northern and southern fauna. To maintain the exchange of biodiversity, we should sustainably strengthen protection to the valley ecosystems.

Key words: Himalayas, mammal species diversity, elevational patterns, distribution

胡一鸣, 梁健超, 金崑, 丁志锋, 周智鑫, 胡慧建, 蒋志刚 (2018) 喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局. 生物多样性, 26, 191-201. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017324.

Yiming Hu, Jianchao Liang, Kun Jin, Zhifeng Ding, Zhixin Zhou, Huijian Hu, Zhigang Jiang (2018) The elevational patterns of mammalian richness in the Himalayas. Biodiversity Science, 26, 191-201. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017324.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2017324

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I2/191

图/表 6

图1 喜马拉雅山脉-青藏高原地理位置和地形图。带阴影虚线内为研究区域, 黑色虚线为西、中以及东喜马拉雅山的分界线。黑色圆点代表本研究的野外调查区域, 从左到右分别为: 吉隆县、聂拉木县、定日县、定结县、亚东县、洛扎县、错那县和隆子县。NP: 南迦帕尔巴特峰; NB: 南迦巴瓦峰。

Fig. 1 Generalized topographic map of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibetan Plateau. The black dashed lines with shadow represent boundaries of the study area. Black dashed lines represent boundaries between the western, central, and eastern Himalaya Mountains. Black dots represent field survey areas, from left to right are: Gyirong County, Nyalam County, Tingri County, Dinggyê County, Yadong County, Lhozhag County, Cona County and Lhünzê County, respectively. NP, Nanga Parbat; NB, Namche Barwa.

图2 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物不同子集物种多样性垂直分布格局。 a: 哺乳动物总体; b: 特有种; c: 非特有种; d-g: 垂直分布幅一组、二组、三组和四组。

Fig. 2 Elevational patterns of mammal species richness for different distribution range subsets in the Himalaya Mountains. a, All mammals; b, Endemic mammals; c, Non-endemic mammals; d-g, Mammals in the first, second, third and fourth range size classes, respectively.

图3 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物不同习性与体型子集物种多样性垂直分布格局。a: 总体; b: 飞行哺乳动物(翼手目); c: 非飞行哺乳动物; d: 非飞行小型哺乳动物; e: 非飞行大中型哺乳动物。

Fig. 3 Elevational patterns of mammal species richness for different biological habits and body size subsets in the Himalaya Mountains. a, All mammals; b, Chiroptera; c, Non-volant mammals; d, Non-volant small mammals; e, Non-volant large and medium mammals.

表1 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物不同子集的物种多样性沿海拔梯度的多项式回归

Table 1 Polynomial regressions for the mammal species richness along the elevational gradients in the Himalaya Mountains for each species subsets

物种分组 Species groups	物种数 Number of species	一阶 Order 1		二阶 Order 2
物种分组 Species groups	物种数 Number of species	R²	∆AICc	R²	∆AICc
总体 All mammals	312	0.8772	12,550	0.9215	0
特有种 Endemic mammals	72	0.2935	5,236	0.7948	0
非特有种 Non-endemic mammals	240	0.9030	1,573	0.9102	0
分布幅一组 First range	90	0.7380	1,594.7	0.8478	0
分布幅二组 Second range	153	0.8287	3,201.6	0.8726	0
分布幅三组 Third range	58	0.6379	5,977	0.8482	0
分布幅四组 Fourth range	11	0.3018	356.537	0.9289	0
飞行哺乳动物 Chiroptera	80	0.8075	1,995.6	0.8675	0
非飞行哺乳动物 Non-volant mammals	232	0.7592	24,569	0.9254	0
非飞行小型哺乳动物 Non-volant small mammals	127	0.6295	9,999.2	0.8751	0
非飞行大中型哺乳动物 Non-volant large and medium mammals	105	0.8619	3,453.9	0.9557	0

图4 基于喜马拉雅山各海拔区间βsim相异性矩阵的UPGMA聚类树图。聚类指数为0.993。X-轴为各100 m海拔区间的编号, 例如“1”代表了100-200 m海拔区间, Y-轴为βsim指数的值。不同颜色的聚类分簇代表了不同的分组。

Fig. 4 Dendrograms resulting from UPGMA hierarchical clustering of 100 m elevational band assemblages based on βsim dissimilarity matrices for mammal species richness along the elevational gradient in the Himalayas. The agglomerative coefficient is 0.993. The numerals of x-axis represent the 59 100 m elevational bands. For example, “1” means 100-200 m a.s.l. The values of y-axis are dissimilarity (βsim). Cluster leaves of different colors represent different cluster assignments.

图5 喜马拉雅山地区高程图(a)和哺乳动物物种多样性空间分布格局(b)

Fig. 5 Terrain (a) and the species richness pattern of mammals (b) in the Himalaya Mountains

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