生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2): 155-165. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019287
刘振元1,3, 孟星亮1, 李正飞1, 张君倩1, 徐靖2, 银森录2, 谢志才1,*()
收稿日期:
2019-09-14
接受日期:
2019-12-17
出版日期:
2020-02-20
发布日期:
2020-01-14
通讯作者:
谢志才
基金资助:
Zhenyuan Liu1,3, Xingliang Meng1, Zhengfei Li1, Junqian Zhang1, Jing Xu2, Senlu Yin2, Zhicai Xie1,*()
Received:
2019-09-14
Accepted:
2019-12-17
Online:
2020-02-20
Published:
2020-01-14
Contact:
Zhicai Xie
摘要:
洞庭湖孕育和维持了较高和独特的软体动物多样性。尽管有关该湖软体动物的调查较多, 但多分散于各文献中。本文结合文献调研和现场调查(2013-2018年), 系统评估了南洞庭湖区软体动物物种多样性, 解析驱动群落格局演变的关键因子, 并提出合理的保护对策。共记录2纲5目14科33属87种(腹足纲41种, 双壳纲46种), 其中本调查记录54种, 隶属于2纲5目12科31属, 包括腹足纲22种, 双壳纲32种。评估结果显示处于近危和受威胁等级物种21种, 包括腹足纲4种和双壳纲17种。调查区域软体动物平均密度和生物量分别为173.1 ind./m 2和279.3 g/m 2。优势种为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、大沼螺(Parafossarulus eximius)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、卵河螺(Rivularia ovum)。基于距离的冗余分析(distance-based redundancy analysis, dbRDA)结果显示, 局域环境因子(底质类型、水深、pH、总溶解固体和总磷)制约软体动物的群落变异。另外, 区域内的人类活动(如商业采砂、建坝和沿岸土地利用、过度捕捞和非法电捕等)亦深刻影响软体动物的生存。这些人类干扰已导致软体动物物种多样性显著下降, 可能造成一些特有物种的局域性灭绝。为了恢复和保护软体动物物种多样性和资源, 应采取一系列对策, 包括管控合法的挖沙业和取缔非法挖沙业、禁止过度捕捞和非法电捕、维持水文的自然节律、恢复沿岸自然湖滨带和控制点源和面源污染物排入等。我们呼吁尽快在南洞庭湖区建立软体动物国家级自然保护区, 以保护该湖区(可能是整个洞庭湖)残存的软体动物物种多样性和特有性。
刘振元, 孟星亮, 李正飞, 张君倩, 徐靖, 银森录, 谢志才 (2020) 南洞庭湖区软体动物物种多样性评估及保护对策. 生物多样性, 28, 155-165. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019287.
Zhenyuan Liu, Xingliang Meng, Zhengfei Li, Junqian Zhang, Jing Xu, Senlu Yin, Zhicai Xie (2020) Diversity assessment and protection strategies for the mollusk community in the southern Dongting Lake. Biodiversity Science, 28, 155-165. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019287.
杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水温 Water temperature (℃) | 17.84 ± 9.26 | 18.03 ± 8.40 | 20.90 ± 7.35 | 22.20 ± 8.14 | 21.17 ± 7.35 | 17.76 ± 9.15 | 0.794 |
电导率 Conductivity (μs/cm) | 213.24 ± 58.93 | 204.64 ± 46.96 | 209.41 ± 37.87 | 222.70 ± 53.13 | 218.25 ± 37.98 | 207.74 ± 47.34 | 0.981 |
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 8.20 ± 3.13 | 8.22 ± 2.58 | 7.64 ± 2.16 | 6.62 ± 2.11 | 7.56 ± 2.66 | 8.39 ± 2.97 | 0.929 |
pH | 8.27 ± 0.37 | 8.25 ± 0.32 | 8.25 ± 0.34 | 8.25 ± 0.32 | 8.32 ± 0.24 | 8.26 ± 0.37 | 0.999 |
水深 Water depth (m) | 2.68 ± 1.06 | 5.06 ± 3.13 | 6.03 ± 1.87 | 6.38 ± 3.22 | 4.33 ± 0.98 | 2.78 ± 1.61 | < 0.01 |
透明度 Transparency (m) | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.60 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 0.294 |
总溶解固体 Total dissolved solid (TDS, mg/L) | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.606 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.88 ± 0.47 | 1.99 ± 0.42 | 1.59 ± 0.58 | 1.51 ± 0.13 | 1.96 ± 0.57 | 1.90 ± 0.69 | 0.463 |
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.25 ± 0.44 | 1.49 ± 0.30 | 1.50 ± 0.20 | 1.30 ± 0.21 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | 1.35 ± 0.43 | 0.634 |
氨氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.48 ± 0.42 | 0.40 ± 0.34 | 0.31 ± 0.30 | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 0.48 ± 0.47 | 0.46 ± 0.39 | 0.516 |
总磷 Total phosphate (mg/L) | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.33 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.28 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.822 |
正磷酸盐 Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.774 |
砾石 Gravel (%) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 0.13 | 0.30 | < 0.01 |
粗砂 Coarse sand (%) | 1.28 | 1.75 | 0.43 | 4.23 | 0.45 | 8.34 | < 0.01 |
中砂 Medium sand (%) | 0.23 | 0.83 | 0.16 | 37.50 | 32.10 | 0.90 | < 0.01 |
细砂 Fine sand (%) | 10.69 | 3.87 | 9.79 | 17.21 | 58.65 | 18.85 | < 0.01 |
淤泥 Silt (%) | 30.69 | 40.83 | 25.70 | 16.20 | 0.00 | 21.49 | < 0.01 |
粘土 Clay (%) | 57.06 | 52.69 | 63.84 | 23.91 | 8.67 | 50.12 | < 0.01 |
表1 南洞庭湖区各站位的环境参数
Table 1 Environmental parameters of each station in the southern Dongting Lake
杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水温 Water temperature (℃) | 17.84 ± 9.26 | 18.03 ± 8.40 | 20.90 ± 7.35 | 22.20 ± 8.14 | 21.17 ± 7.35 | 17.76 ± 9.15 | 0.794 |
电导率 Conductivity (μs/cm) | 213.24 ± 58.93 | 204.64 ± 46.96 | 209.41 ± 37.87 | 222.70 ± 53.13 | 218.25 ± 37.98 | 207.74 ± 47.34 | 0.981 |
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 8.20 ± 3.13 | 8.22 ± 2.58 | 7.64 ± 2.16 | 6.62 ± 2.11 | 7.56 ± 2.66 | 8.39 ± 2.97 | 0.929 |
pH | 8.27 ± 0.37 | 8.25 ± 0.32 | 8.25 ± 0.34 | 8.25 ± 0.32 | 8.32 ± 0.24 | 8.26 ± 0.37 | 0.999 |
水深 Water depth (m) | 2.68 ± 1.06 | 5.06 ± 3.13 | 6.03 ± 1.87 | 6.38 ± 3.22 | 4.33 ± 0.98 | 2.78 ± 1.61 | < 0.01 |
透明度 Transparency (m) | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.60 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 0.294 |
总溶解固体 Total dissolved solid (TDS, mg/L) | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.606 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.88 ± 0.47 | 1.99 ± 0.42 | 1.59 ± 0.58 | 1.51 ± 0.13 | 1.96 ± 0.57 | 1.90 ± 0.69 | 0.463 |
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.25 ± 0.44 | 1.49 ± 0.30 | 1.50 ± 0.20 | 1.30 ± 0.21 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | 1.35 ± 0.43 | 0.634 |
氨氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.48 ± 0.42 | 0.40 ± 0.34 | 0.31 ± 0.30 | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 0.48 ± 0.47 | 0.46 ± 0.39 | 0.516 |
总磷 Total phosphate (mg/L) | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.33 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.28 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.822 |
正磷酸盐 Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.774 |
砾石 Gravel (%) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 0.13 | 0.30 | < 0.01 |
粗砂 Coarse sand (%) | 1.28 | 1.75 | 0.43 | 4.23 | 0.45 | 8.34 | < 0.01 |
中砂 Medium sand (%) | 0.23 | 0.83 | 0.16 | 37.50 | 32.10 | 0.90 | < 0.01 |
细砂 Fine sand (%) | 10.69 | 3.87 | 9.79 | 17.21 | 58.65 | 18.85 | < 0.01 |
淤泥 Silt (%) | 30.69 | 40.83 | 25.70 | 16.20 | 0.00 | 21.49 | < 0.01 |
粘土 Clay (%) | 57.06 | 52.69 | 63.84 | 23.91 | 8.67 | 50.12 | < 0.01 |
杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | 其他区域 Other region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
田螺科 Viviparidae | 6 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 |
豆螺科 Bithyniidae | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
肋蜷科 Pleuroseridae | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
膀胱螺科 Physidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
扁蜷螺科 Planorbidae | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
瓶螺科 Pilaidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
蚌科 Unionidae | 14 | 16 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 18 |
截蛏科 Solecurtidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
蚬科 Corbiculidae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
球蚬科 Sphaeriidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
贻贝科 Mytilidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
总计 Total | 32 | 32 | 22 | 13 | 15 | 27 | 38 |
表2 南洞庭湖区各站位软体动物物种数
Table 2 Specie richness of mollusk of each station in the southern Dongting Lake
杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | 其他区域 Other region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
田螺科 Viviparidae | 6 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 |
豆螺科 Bithyniidae | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
肋蜷科 Pleuroseridae | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
膀胱螺科 Physidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
扁蜷螺科 Planorbidae | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
瓶螺科 Pilaidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
蚌科 Unionidae | 14 | 16 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 18 |
截蛏科 Solecurtidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
蚬科 Corbiculidae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
球蚬科 Sphaeriidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
贻贝科 Mytilidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
总计 Total | 32 | 32 | 22 | 13 | 15 | 27 | 38 |
全湖区 Whole lake | 杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 42.3 | 41.5 | 33.5 | 92.4 | |||
长河螺 Rivularia elongate | 58.0 | 131.0 | 122.5 | ||||
卵河螺 Rivularia ovum | 31.4 | 28.41 | 158.9 | ||||
双龙骨河螺 Rivularia bicarinata | 90.3 | ||||||
大沼螺 Parafossarulus eximius | 76.9 | 75.9 | 187.4 | 79.0 | |||
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 72.4 | 324.1 | 365.4 | 174.8 | 109.71 | 213.4 | 106.9 |
表3 南洞庭湖区及各站位软体动物优势种的密度(ind./m2)
Table 3 The density of dominant species of mollusk in each station and the southern Dongting Lake (ind./m2)
全湖区 Whole lake | 杨阁老 YGL | 东南湖2# DNH-2# | 白沙渡 BSD | 东南湖1# DNH-1# | 资江口 ZJK | 万子湖 WZH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa | 42.3 | 41.5 | 33.5 | 92.4 | |||
长河螺 Rivularia elongate | 58.0 | 131.0 | 122.5 | ||||
卵河螺 Rivularia ovum | 31.4 | 28.41 | 158.9 | ||||
双龙骨河螺 Rivularia bicarinata | 90.3 | ||||||
大沼螺 Parafossarulus eximius | 76.9 | 75.9 | 187.4 | 79.0 | |||
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 72.4 | 324.1 | 365.4 | 174.8 | 109.71 | 213.4 | 106.9 |
环境参数 Environmental parameters | 校正R2 Adj R2 | F | P |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.033 | 2.395 | 0.013 |
水深 Water depth (m) | 0.064 | 2.344 | 0.015 |
淤泥 Silt (%) | 0.089 | 2.088 | 0.042 |
总磷 Total phosphate (TP, mg/L) | 0.108 | 1.796 | 0.074 |
总溶解固体 Total dissolved solid (TDS, mg/L) | 0.129 | 1.905 | 0.055 |
粗砂 Coarse sand (%) | 0.151 | 1.896 | 0.065 |
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L) | 0.217 | 1.735 | 0.080 |
表4 制约南洞庭湖区软体动物群落结构的环境因子
Table 4 Environmental factors that restrict the structure of mollusk community in the southern Dongting Lake
环境参数 Environmental parameters | 校正R2 Adj R2 | F | P |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.033 | 2.395 | 0.013 |
水深 Water depth (m) | 0.064 | 2.344 | 0.015 |
淤泥 Silt (%) | 0.089 | 2.088 | 0.042 |
总磷 Total phosphate (TP, mg/L) | 0.108 | 1.796 | 0.074 |
总溶解固体 Total dissolved solid (TDS, mg/L) | 0.129 | 1.905 | 0.055 |
粗砂 Coarse sand (%) | 0.151 | 1.896 | 0.065 |
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L) | 0.217 | 1.735 | 0.080 |
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