关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状的时空分布格局及环境驱动因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2026072

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 26072. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026072 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2026072

关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状的时空分布格局及环境驱动因素

郑文芳¹, 赵立娟¹, 张艳平¹, 董江海¹, 李蓉姣¹, 高瑞贺¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ 山西农业大学林学院, 山西晋中 030800
² 森林资源高效培育山西省重点实验室, 山西晋中 030800
³ 山西省林业危险性有害生物检验鉴定中心, 山西晋中 030800

收稿日期:2026-03-06 接受日期:2026-06-07 出版日期:2026-07-20 发布日期:2026-09-21
通讯作者: 高瑞贺
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32401594);山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2023-087)

Spatiotemporal distribution patterns of functional traits of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains and their environmental drivers

Wenfang Zheng¹, Lijuan Zhao¹, Yanping Zhang¹, Jianghai Dong¹, Rongjiao Li¹, Ruihe Gao¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030800, China
² Shanxi Key Laboratory of Efficient Cultivation of Forest Resources, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030800, China
³ Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030800, China

Received:2026-03-06 Accepted:2026-06-07 Online:2026-07-20 Published:2026-09-21
Contact: Ruihe Gao
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401594);Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2023-087)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明关帝山山杨(Populus davidiana)和白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林土壤跳虫功能性状沿海拔梯度变化及环境因子对其功能性性状的影响, 本研究以关帝山杨桦林生态系统的土壤跳虫为研究对象, 在海拔1,600-2,200 m范围内以200 m为间隔设置4个海拔梯度, 每个梯度设置3个重复, 共12个样地, 采用干漏斗法收集土壤跳虫, 统计类群数量并测定其功能性状, 测定土壤理化性质, 以探明跳虫群落特征及其功能性状沿海拔梯度的时空分布格局, 并通过冗余分析评估土壤环境因子对跳虫功能性状的影响。结果表明: 土壤跳虫数量随海拔升高逐渐减少, 并呈现明显的表聚性分布特征; 功能多样性指数在海拔与季节水平上均存在显著差异(P < 0.05), 夏季功能丰富度指数整体呈上升趋势, 功能均匀度指数、功能离散度指数和Rao’s Q二次熵指数均呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势; 土壤跳虫体长群落加权平均值(community-weighted mean, CWM)在垂直土层梯度差异显著(P < 0.05); 体长、体色、弹器与鳞片CWM在季节动态水平差异显著(P < 0.05)。冗余分析结果显示, 土壤温度、pH值和容重与跳虫体长、体色、弹器和小眼存在呈显著正相关。本研究明确了关帝山土壤跳虫功能性状的时空分布格局及其主要环境驱动因素, 为关帝山杨桦林生态系统土壤动物多样性保护提供了理论依据。

关键词: 杨桦林, 土壤跳虫, 功能性状, 功能多样性, 海拔梯度, 环境因素

Abstract

Aims: This study aims to elucidate the variation in functional traits of soil Collembola along an elevation gradient in Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla mixed forests on Guandi Mountains, as well as the effects of environmental factors on these functional traits.
Method: We selected soil Collembola from the poplar-birch forest ecosystem of Guandi Mountains as the research subject. Four elevation gradients were set at 200 m intervals within the elevation range of 1,600-2,200 m, with three replicates per gradient, yielding a total of 12 sampling plots. Soil Collembola were collected using the dry funnel method. We identified and counted taxonomic groups, measured Collembola functional traits, and determined soil physicochemical properties to explore Collembola community characteristics and the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of their functional traits along the elevation gradient. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to evaluate how soil environmental factors affect Collembola functional traits.
Results: Soil Collembola abundance gradually decreased with rising elevation and exhibited an obvious epigeal aggregation pattern. Functional diversity indices differed significantly across elevations and seasons (P < 0.05). In summer, functional richness showed an overall increasing trend, whereas functional evenness, functional dispersion and Rao’s quadratic entropy (Rao’s Q) all decreased first and then increased. The community-weighted mean (CWM) of Collembola body length differed significantly among vertical soil layers (P < 0.05). The CWM values of body length, pigmentation, furca and scales showed significant seasonal dynamics (P < 0.05). Redundancy analysis demonstrated that soil temperature, pH and bulk density were significantly and positively correlated with Collembola body length, pigmentation, furca and ocelli.
Conclusion: This study clarifies the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and key environmental drivers of functional traits of soil Collembola on Guandi Mountains, and provides a theoretical basis for the conservation of soil fauna diversity in the poplar-birch forest ecosystem of Guandi Mountains.

Key words: poplar-birch forest, soil Collembola, functional traits, functional diversity, elevational gradient, environmental factors

郑文芳, 赵立娟, 张艳平, 董江海, 李蓉姣, 高瑞贺 (2026) 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状的时空分布格局及环境驱动因素. 生物多样性, 34, 26072. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026072.

Wenfang Zheng, Lijuan Zhao, Yanping Zhang, Jianghai Dong, Rongjiao Li, Ruihe Gao (2026) Spatiotemporal distribution patterns of functional traits of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains and their environmental drivers. Biodiversity Science, 34, 26072. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026072.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2026072

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I7/26072

图/表 11

表1 关帝山不同海拔杨桦林样地基本特征(平均值 ± 标准误)

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the poplar-birch forest sample plots at different elevations in Guandi Mountains (mean ± SE)

海拔 Elevation (m)	纬度 North latitude	经度 East longitude	郁闭度 Canopy density	凋落物厚度 Litter thickness (cm)	胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	树高 Mean tree height (m)	土壤类型 Soil type
1,600	37°49′ N	111°29′ E	0.78	6.3 ± 2.30^a	17.5 ± 0.72^a	13.4 ± 1.64^a	棕壤 Brown soil
1,800	37°49′ N	111°29′ E	0.75	5.9 ± 1.36^b	16.7 ± 2.72^a	12.9 ± 3.90^a	棕壤 Brown soil
2,000	37°52′ N	111°26′ E	0.76	6.5 ± 0.94^a	17.2 ± 1.25^a	12.6 ± 1.55^a	棕壤 Brown soil
2,200	37°53′ N	111°25′ E	0.73	6.1 ± 1.66^a	15.6 ± 2.55^b	11.9 ± 2.26^b	棕壤 Brown soil

图1 关帝山杨桦林不同海拔土壤跳虫分布情况。(a)土壤跳虫丰度弦图; (b)土壤跳虫分布Venn图。Uze: 二刺跳属; Dic: 膜羽圆跳属; Tuv: 土跳属; Tui: 图跳属; Tom: 鳞跳属; Tet: 四刺跳属; Tem: 长角圆跳属; Sph: 球圆跳属; Pse: 拟裸长角跳属; Pro: 原等跳属; Pod: 跳虫属; Par1: 副跳属; Par: 近缺跳属; Pap: 乳圆跳属; Orc: 长角长跳属; Ony: 棘跳属; Nee: 小短跳属; Lob: 叶跳属; Iso: 等节跳属; Hom: 刺齿跳属; Fol2: 类符跳属; Fol1: 符跳属; Fol: 裔符跳属; Ent: 长跳属; Col: 库跳属; Chi: 四刺球角跳属; Bra: 短吻跳属; Fri: 奇刺跳属。

Fig. 1 Distribution of soil Collembola at different elevations in the poplar-birch forest of Guandi Mountains. (a) Chord diagram of soil Collembola richness; (b) Venn diagram of soil Collembola distribution. Uze, Uzelia; Dic, Dictytomina; Tuv, Tullbergia; Tui, Tuivia; Tom, Tomocerus; Tet, Tetracanthella; Tem, Temeritas; Sph, Sphaeridia; Pse, Pseudosinella; Pro, Proisotoma; Pod, Podura; Par1, Paranura; Par, Paranurophorus; Pap, Papirioides; Orc, Orchesellides; Ony, Onychiurus; Nee, Neelides; Lob, Lobella; Iso, Isotoma; Hom, Homidia; Fol2, Folsomina; Fol1, Folsomia; Fol, Folsomides; Ent, Entomobrya; Col, Coloburella; Chi, Chinogastrura; Bra, Brachystomella; Fri, Friesea.

表2 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫群落时空影响分析

Table 2 Spatiotemporal effects on soil Collembola communities in poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains

影响因素 Factors	df	个体数 No. of individuals
影响因素 Factors	df	F	P
季节 Season	2	40.104	0.000^**
海拔 Elevation	3	9.621	0.000^**
土层 Soil layer	3	32.678	0.000^**
季节 × 海拔 Season × Elevation	6	2.340	0.030^*
季节 × 土层 Season × Soil layer	6	6.144	0.000^**
海拔 × 土层 Elevation × Soil layer	9	1.068	0.383^ns
季节 × 海拔 × 土层 Season × Elevation × Soil layer	18	0.525	0.948^ns

图2 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫群落结构时空变化特征

Fig. 2 Spatiotemporal variations in the soil Collembola community structure of the poplar-birch forests in Guandi Mountains

图3 关帝山杨桦林不同季节土壤跳虫功能多样性沿海拔梯度的变化特征

Fig. 3 Characteristics of elevational gradient variations in the functional diversity of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains

表3 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状在不同海拔和土层垂直上的双因素方差分析

Table 3 Two-way analysis of variance on functional traits of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains effects of elevation and soil layer

影响因素 Impact factors	体长 Body length		体色 Pigmentation		弹器 Furca		小眼 Ocelli		鳞片 Scales
影响因素 Impact factors	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
海拔 Elevation	1.84	0.159	4.394	< 0.01	5.432	< 0.05	2.968	0.046	1.05	0.383
土层 Soil layer	0.451	0.717	0.091	0.964	1.593	0.21	7.104	< 0.01	0.755	0.527
海拔 × 土层 Elevation × Soil layer	0.937	0.507	0.536	0.836	1.134	0.368	1.459	0.205	0.623	0.768

图4 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状群落加权平均值(CWM)的土层垂直变化特征

Fig. 4 Vertical variation of community-weighted mean (CWM) for functional traits of soil Collembola in poplar-birch forests on Guandi Mountains

表4 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状在海拔和季节上的双因素方差分析

Table 4 Two-way analysis of variance on the functional traits of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forest of Guandi Mountains effects of elevation and season

影响因素 Impact factors	体长 Body length		体色 Pigmentation		弹器 Furca		小眼 Ocelli		鳞片 Scales
影响因素 Impact factors	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
季节 Season	62.390	< 0.01	4.099	< 0.05	12.349	< 0.01	8.425	< 0.05	0.611	0.551
海拔 Elevation	9.855	< 0.01	1.112	0.364	1.131	0.356	4.784	< 0.05	2.153	0.120
季节 × 海拔 Season × Elevation	18.861	< 0.01	6.041	< 0.01	3.406	< 0.05	4.709	< 0.05	4.249	< 0.05

图5 关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状群落加权平均值(CWM)的季节变化

Fig. 5 Seasonal variations in community-weighted mean (CWM) of functional traits in soil Collembola from poplar-birch forests on Guandi Mountains

图6 关帝山杨桦林不同土层土壤跳虫功能性状与环境因子的冗余分析(RDA)。T: 土壤温度; RH: 湿度; EC: 电导率; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; BD: 容重; SWC: 最大持水量; CWC: 毛管持水量; NP: 非毛管孔隙度; CP: 毛管孔隙度; TSP: 总孔隙度; BDL: 体长; PIG: 体色; FUR: 弹器; OCN: 小眼; SCA: 鳞片。

Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of functional traits of Collembola and environmental factors across different soil layers in the poplar-birch forest of Guandi Mountains. T, Soil temperature; RH, Humidity; EC, Electrical conductivity; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; BD, Bulk density; SWC, Saturation water holding capacity; CWC, Capillary water holding capacity; NP, Non-capillary porosity; CP, Capillary porosity; TSP, Total soil porosity; BDL, Body length; PIG, Pigmentation; FUR, Furca; OCN, Ocelli; SCA, Scales.

图7 关帝山杨桦林不同季节土壤跳虫功能性状与环境因子的冗余分析(RDA)。T: 土壤温度; RH: 湿度; EC: 电导率; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; BD: 容重; SWC: 最大持水量; CWC: 毛管持水量; NP: 非毛管孔隙度; CP: 毛管孔隙度; TSP: 总孔隙度; BDL: 体长; PIG: 体色; FUR: 弹器; OCN: 小眼; SCA: 鳞片。

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of functional traits of Collembola and environmental factors in different seasons in the poplar-birch forest of Guandi Mountains. T, Soil temperature; RH, Humidity; EC, Electrical conductivity; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; BD, Bulk density; SWC, Saturation water holding capacity; CWC, Capillary water holding capacity; NP, Non-capillary porosity; CP, Capillary porosity; TSP, Total soil porosity; BDL, Body length; PIG, Pigmentation; FUR, Furca; OCN, Ocelli; SCA, Scales.

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关帝山杨桦林土壤跳虫功能性状的时空分布格局及环境驱动因素

Spatiotemporal distribution patterns of functional traits of soil Collembola in the poplar-birch forests of Guandi Mountains and their environmental drivers

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