渤海与北黄海春季有害甲藻包囊: 多样性､分布及环境相关性

doi:10.17520/biods.2025426

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 25426. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025426 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025426

所属专题： eDNA技术应用

• 研究报告: 微生物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

渤海与北黄海春季有害甲藻包囊: 多样性､分布及环境相关性

康志成¹, 高春蕾²^,^*(), 郭嘉宁², 孟范平¹^,^*(), 王宗灵²

¹ 中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 山东青岛 266100
² 自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋生态研究中心, 山东青岛 266061

收稿日期:2025-10-28 接受日期:2026-01-27 出版日期:2026-03-20 发布日期:2026-04-10
通讯作者: *E-mail: gaochunlei@fio.org.cn; mengfanping@ouc.edu.cn
基金资助:
青岛市自然科学基金(23-2-1-223-zyyd-jch)

Diversity, distribution and environmental correlation of harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea in spring

Zhicheng Kang¹, Chunlei Gao²^,^*(), Jianing Guo², Fanping Meng¹^,^*(), Zongling Wang²

¹ College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
² Research Center of Marine Ecology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China

Received:2025-10-28 Accepted:2026-01-27 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-04-10
Contact: *E-mail: gaochunlei@fio.org.cn; mengfanping@ouc.edu.cn
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao, China(23-2-1-223-zyyd-jch)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在近海富营养化和气候变化的双重驱动下, 渤海和北黄海海域有害藻华(harmful algal blooms, HABs)发生频率持续上升, 而甲藻包囊被认为是潜在种子库, 在HABs的发生发展中起着关键作用。本研究将DNA宏条形码技术应用于甲藻包囊群落研究, 针对18S V4和ITS1基因片段进行扩增和高通量测序分析, 对2023年春季(5月)渤海和北黄海表层沉积物中的有害甲藻包囊群落多样性和分布进行研究。基于序列注释的结果, 共有38种(含5种尚不确定是否产包囊的物种)有害甲藻包囊物种eDNA信息被检出, 包括8种渤海与北黄海海域新记录种包囊, 其中具刺环胺藻(Azadinium spinosum)、Gymnodinium nolleri和Alexandrium fragae为首次在我国海域沉积物中被检出。α多样性分析结果表明, 春季甲藻包囊物种丰富度从渤海经渤海海峡至北黄海中部整体呈明显降低趋势, 与水温梯度变化呈正相关。典范对应分析结果表明, 两海域有害甲藻包囊优势物种的丰度和分布在不同程度上受环境因素(如温度、盐度、水深、可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)、可溶性无机磷(dissolved inorganic phosphorus, DIP)、氮磷比(N/P)等)的影响, 其中温度为主要解释变量。温度协同N/P及DIN影响和调控多数近岸-河口物种包囊的丰度和分布, 使其在温暖、富营养的渤海西南部有更高的检出率和/或丰度。低温、高盐及较高的磷酸盐水平是链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)包囊在北黄海尤其是中部冷水团周边占绝对优势的重要影响因素。春季表层沉积物中有害甲藻包囊多样性和分布表明, 渤海西南部及北黄海海域HABs发生的潜在风险比较突出, 尤其是产生剧毒麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)的链状亚历山大藻包囊的普遍和高丰度检出, 显著提高了HABs发生、海产品PSTs污染和中毒事件发生的风险。另外, 针对一些新记录藻华原因种(如Lepidodinium chlorophorum), 在今后的工作中可适当增加对其在表层沉积物和水柱中的种群季节性变化的调查和研究, 为防范渤海和北黄海新的HABs发生及预测其潜在影响提供数据支持。

关键词: 有害甲藻包囊, DNA宏条形码技术, 多样性, 分布, 环境因素

Abstract

Aims: The frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea has been increasing continuously in the context of coastal eutrophication and climate change. Dinoflagellate cysts are considered a potential seed bank and play a key role in the occurrence of HABs. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, distribution patterns, and environmental factors of harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea, and to assess the potential risk of HABs in these regions.

Methods: A DNA metabarcoding approach was applied, targeting the small subunit ribosomal (18S V4) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) to investigate the diversity and distribution of harmful dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments from the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea in May 2023. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to assess the correlations between cyst assemblages and environmental factors.

Results: The environmental DNA (eDNA) information revealed 38 potentially harmful dinoflagellate cyst species, including 5 species not previously known to produce dinoflagellate cysts, and 8 newly recorded dinoflagellate cysts species of the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea. Among them, Azadinium spinosum, Gymnodinium nolleriand Alexandrium fragae were detected for the first time in sediment samples from the coastal waters of China. Alpha diversity analysis revealed a clear decreasing trend in species richness from the Bohai Sea, through the Bohai Strait, to the central North Yellow Sea, and this trend was positively correlated with the water temperature gradient. CCA result indicated that the abundance and distribution of dominant harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the two seas were influenced to varying degrees by environmental factors (temperature, salinity, water depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and N/P), with temperature being the main explanatory variable. Temperature, in combination with the N/P and DIN, affected and regulated the abundance and distribution of most coastal-estuarine species, resulting in higher detection rates and/or abundances in the warm and eutrophic southwestern Bohai Sea. Low temperature, high salinity, and high phosphorus levels were key factors contributing to the dominance of Alexandrium catenella cysts in the North Yellow Sea, particularly around the central cold-water mass.

Conclusion: This study provides crucial information on the diversity and distribution patterns of harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the whole Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea in spring. The southwestern Bohai Sea remains a high-risk area for HABs due to both established toxic and harmful species and emerging potential risks, such as HABs-forming, Lepidodinium chlorophorum, whereas the North Yellow Sea faces elevated risks from the widespread high relative abundance of Alexandrium catenella. These findings demonstrate that molecular techniques are a powerful tool for monitoring harmful dinoflagellate cysts, underscoring the need for their use in early warning of HABs and for protecting marine aquaculture from blooms.

Key words: harmful dinoflagellate cysts, DNA metabarcoding, diversity, distribution, environmental factors

康志成, 高春蕾, 郭嘉宁, 孟范平, 王宗灵 (2026) 渤海与北黄海春季有害甲藻包囊: 多样性､分布及环境相关性. 生物多样性, 34, 25426. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025426.

Zhicheng Kang, Chunlei Gao, Jianing Guo, Fanping Meng, Zongling Wang (2026) Diversity, distribution and environmental correlation of harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea in spring. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25426. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025426.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025426

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图/表 13

图1 渤海与北黄海海域沉积物采样站位图

Fig. 1 Sampling stations in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea, China

表1 本研究中高通量测序使用的引物

Table 1 The primers used for high-throughput sequencing in this study

扩增区域 Target region	扩增片段长度 Fragment length	引物名称 Primers	引物序列(5′-3′) Sequences of primers (5′-3′)	文献 References
18S V4	370 bp	TAReuk454FWD1	CCAGCA(G/C)C(C/T)GCGGTAATTCC	Stoeck et al., 2010
		TAReukREV3	ACTTTCGTTCTTGAT(C/T)(A/G)A	Stoeck et al., 2010
ITS1 (5.8S)	260 bp	PRIMER B-reverse	TAGGTGAACCTGCAGAAGGAT	Medlin et al., 1988
		ITS300R	CACGGAA(G/T)TTCTGCA(A/G)TTCACAATG	Scholin et al., 1994

表2 高通量测序的PCR扩增反应体系

Table 2 PCR amplification reaction system for high-throughput sequencing

组分 Components	体积 Volume (μL)	浓度 Concentration
DNA模板 DNA template	2	含量 Amount < 200 ng
正向引物 Forward primer	1	10 μM
反向引物 Reverse primer	1	10 μM
dNTP Mix	4	2.5 mM
Ex Taq DNA聚合酶 Ex Taq DNA polymerase (Takara)	0.3	50 U/μL
10× Ex Taq buffer	5
双蒸水 ddH₂O	36.7
总体积 Total volume	50

图2 渤海及北黄海海域有害甲藻包囊α多样性指数的分布情况

Fig. 2 Distribution of α diversity indices of harmful dinoflagellate cyst in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea, China

图3 渤海及北黄海海域有害甲藻包囊群落结构的主坐标分析(PCoA)结果。A: 渤海湾湾口附近海域站位; B: 北黄海沿岸及渤海湾湾口以外渤海海域站位; C: 北黄海中部海域站位。

Fig. 3 Result of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of harmful dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea, China. A, Stations in the sea area near the mouth of Bohai Bay; B, Stations along the coast of the North Yellow Sea and in the Bohai Sea area outside the mouth of Bohai Bay; C, Stations in the central North Yellow Sea.

图4 12个优势属(相对丰度 > 5%)在各采样站位的相对丰度

Fig. 4 Relative abundance of 12 dominant genera (relative abundance > 5%) at each sampling station

图5 优势属(相对丰度 > 5%)包囊相对丰度分布情况

Fig. 5 Distribution of relative abundance of cysts in the dominant genus (relative abundance > 5%)

图6 优势种(相对丰度 > 10%)及次优势种(相对丰度5%-10%)在各采样站位的相对丰度。黑色: 优势种; 蓝色: 次优势种。

Fig. 6 Relative abundance of dominant species (relative abundance > 10%) and sub-dominant species (relative abundance 5%-10%) at each station. Black, Dominant species; Blue, Sub-dominant species.

图7 优势种及次优势种包囊相对丰度分布情况

Fig. 7 Distribution of relative abundance of dominant and sub-dominant cysts in species level

图8 优势和次优势有害甲藻包囊相对丰度与原位环境因素相关性的典范对应分析(CCA)结果。A. aff: 相似亚历山大藻; A. and: 安德森亚历山大藻; A. cat: 链状亚历山大藻; A. leei: 李氏亚历山大藻; A. min: 微小亚历山大藻; A. ost: 奥氏亚历山大藻; A. pseu: 拟膝沟亚历山大藻; Aza. spi: 具刺环胺藻; B. bre: Biecheleria brevisulcata; G. spi: 具刺膝沟藻; Gym. imp: 伊姆裸甲藻; H. ste: 斯氏异冒藻; L. chl: Lepidodinium chlorophorum; Pen. dal: 戴尔五隔藻; Po. har: 哈曼多沟藻; Po. kof: 科夫多沟藻; Pro. exc: 网状原角藻; Pyr. ste: 斯氏扁甲藻; S. acu: 锥状斯氏藻。

Fig. 8 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) performed on the relative abundance of dominant and sub-dominant harmful dinoflagellate cysts and in-situ environmental parameters. A. aff, Alexandrium affine; A. and, Alexandrium andersonii; A. cat, Alexandrium catenella; A. leei: Alexandrium leei; A. min, Alexandrium minutum; A. ost, Alexandrium ostenfeldii; A. pseu, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax; Aza. spi, Azadinium spinosum; B. bre, Biecheleria brevisulcata; G. spi, Gonyaulax spinifera; Gym. imp, Gymnodinium impudicum; H. ste, Heterocapsa steinii; L. chl, Lepidodinium chlorophorum; Pen. dal, Pentapharsodinium dalei; Po. har, Polykrikos hartmannii; Po. kof, Polykrikos kofoidii; Pro. exc, Protoperidinium excentricum; Pyr. Ste, Pyrophacus steinii; S. acu, Scrippsiella acuminata. DIN, Dissolved inorganic nitrogen; DIP, Dissolved inorganic phosphorus.

表3 环境因素的独立解释度和显著性

Table 3 The independent explanatory rate and significance of each environmental factors

环境因素 Environmental factors	解释度 Explaination (%)	P
温度 Temperature	15.93	0.002
水深 Water depth	13.81	0.002
盐度 Salinity	12.44	0.002
可溶性无机氮 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen	3.72	0.004
氮磷比 N/P	3.34	0.008
可溶性无机磷 Dissolved inorganic phosphorus	2.61	0.016

图9 原位环境数据分布图。(a)温度; (b)盐度; (c)可溶性无机磷(DIP); (d)可溶性无机氮(DIN); (e)氮磷比(N/P)。

Fig. 9 Distribution of in-situ environmental factors. (a) Temperature; (b) Salinity; (c) Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP); (d) Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN); (e) N/P.

图10 有害藻华暴发新记录种Lepidodinium chlorophorum eDNA在2023年春季渤海和北黄海表层沉积物中的分布

Fig. 10 Distribution of eDNA of new recorded harmful algal blooms dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum in the surface sediments of the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea

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渤海与北黄海春季有害甲藻包囊: 多样性､分布及环境相关性

Diversity, distribution and environmental correlation of harmful dinoflagellate cysts in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea in spring

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