西南山地有蹄类栖息地利用率变化及环境影响: 以关坝村红外相机监测为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2025261

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 25261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025261 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025261

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

西南山地有蹄类栖息地利用率变化及环境影响: 以关坝村红外相机监测为例

冯杰¹^,^#(), 李彦知¹^,^#, 王书理¹, 李岚曦¹, 丁鹏飞¹, 吕冰薇¹, 孟吉², 史湘莹¹^,³^,^*()(), 李雪阳¹^,⁴^,^*()()

¹ 山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
² 平武县关坝流域自然保护中心, 四川绵阳 622574
³ 北京大学国家发展研究院, 北京 100871
⁴ 北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2025-07-06 接受日期:2026-01-20 出版日期:2026-05-20 发布日期:2026-07-01
通讯作者: 史湘莹,李雪阳
作者简介:第一联系人：^#共同第一作者
基金资助:
蚂蚁森林关坝保护地项目和火溪河流域综合保护与发展项目

Dynamics of ungulate habitat use and their environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study from Guanba

Jie Feng¹^,^#(), Yanzhi Li¹^,^#, Shuli Wang¹, Lanxi Li¹, Pengfei Ding¹, Bingwei Lü¹, Ji Meng², Xiangying Shi¹^,³^,^*()(), Xueyang Li¹^,⁴^,^*()()

¹ Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871, China
² Guanba Basin Conservation Center, Mianyang, Sichuan 622574, China
³ National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
⁴ School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2025-07-06 Accepted:2026-01-20 Online:2026-05-20 Published:2026-07-01
Contact: Xiangying Shi, Xueyang Li
About author:First author contact:^#Co-first authors
Supported by:
Ant Forest Guanba Protection Site Project and the Huoxi River Basin Comprehensive Protection and Development Project

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为森林生态系统的关键组分, 山地有蹄类在维持生物多样性和生态系统功能方面具有重要作用。有蹄类的长期种群动态及其对人类活动的响应规律, 尤其在大型食肉动物缺位的区域, 仍缺乏长期监测和深入理解。本案例研究区域在中国西南山地、岷山山脉南部的绵阳市平武县关坝村(2019-2023年), 该地区因历史原因已无大型食肉动物分布, 有蹄类更可能受到环境资源和人类活动干扰制约。通过布设25个红外相机网格开展长期红外相机监测, 本研究重点分析了中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus) 5种常见有蹄类的栖息地利用率年际变化及占域率影响因素。结果发现, 除野猪外的其余4种有蹄类都表现出栖息地利用率和相对多度增长趋势, 其中四川羚牛的占域率从0.12 (2019年)提升至0.74 (2023年)。人类活动对不同物种的影响存在差异: 在单季节占域模型中, 仅四川羚牛在多个年份受距道路距离的正向影响显著(权重w = 0.92、1.00、0.52), 且均为距道路越远占域率越高。不同年份影响各有蹄类占域率的关键环境协变量存在类型和显著程度的差异, 表明不同年份的环境资源压力应存在差异, 有蹄类可以调整对不同类型栖息地的利用。本研究补充了大型食肉动物缺失区域有蹄类的种群变化动态, 探究了环境因素对有蹄类占域率的影响规律, 为西南山地生态系统的适应性管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 有蹄类, 占域模型, 西南山地, 红外相机, 种群动态

Abstract

Aims: Mountain ungulates are crucial components of forest ecosystems, playing a significant role in sustaining biodiversity and ecological functions. However, understanding of ungulate population dynamics based on systematic long-term monitoring, and their long-term responses to human activities remain limited, especially in areas where large carnivores are absent. This study aims to investigate the interannual changes of site use and the environmental factors influencing the occupancy of common ungulates in a region historically lacking large carnivores.
Methods: We conducted long-term monitoring by deploying 25 infrared camera grids in Guanba Village, Pingwu County, Mianyang City, located in the southern Minshan Mountains of Southwest China (2019-2023). We focused on analyzing the interannual changes of site use and the factors affecting the occupancy rate for five common ungulate species: Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and takin (Budorcas tibetanus).
Results: The findings revealed that four of the five monitored ungulate species (excluding wild boar) exhibited an increasing trend in both site use rate and relative abundance index. Notably, the occupancy rate of takins increased from 0.12 in 2019 to 0.74 in 2023. Model averaging of single-season occupancy models indicated that the impact of human activities varied across species: only takins were significantly and positively influenced by distance to roads across several years (weights of environmental variables, w = 0.92, 1.00, and 0.52 in respective years), consistently showing a preference for areas further from roads. The key environmental covariates affecting occupancy varied by species types and year, suggesting that ungulates flexibly adjust their habitat use in response to shifting environmental resource pressures.
Conclusion: This study provides a supplement to the population dynamics of ungulates in areas where large carnivores are absent and explores the patterns of environmental factors influencing ungulate occupancy rates. The results offer a scientific basis for the adaptive management of mountain ecosystems in Southwest China.

Key words: ungulates, occupancy model, Southwest Mountains, camera trap, population dynamics

冯杰, 李彦知, 王书理, 李岚曦, 丁鹏飞, 吕冰薇, 孟吉, 史湘莹, 李雪阳 (2026) 西南山地有蹄类栖息地利用率变化及环境影响: 以关坝村红外相机监测为例. 生物多样性, 34, 25261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025261.

Jie Feng, Yanzhi Li, Shuli Wang, Lanxi Li, Pengfei Ding, Bingwei Lü, Ji Meng, Xiangying Shi, Xueyang Li (2026) Dynamics of ungulate habitat use and their environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study from Guanba. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025261.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025261

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I5/25261

图/表 4

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物种 Species			年份 Year
物种 Species			2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus		占域率 Occupancy	0.80 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.10	0.97 ± 0.07
		探测率 Detection probability	0.38 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.04	0.43 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.04
		距河流距离 Distance to river	0.75 ± 1.12	3.80 ± 4.74	1.56 ± 2.83	3.94 ± 4.34	1.22 ± 1.45
		距道路距离 Distance to road	1.59 ± 1.35*	0.96 ± 1.29	1.16 ± 0.95	3.55 ± 3.94	−1.32 ± 2.06
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.16 ± 0.92	−1.68 ± 1.95	−1.55 ± 2.30	1.72 ± 1.86	−0.71 ± 1.30
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−2.17 ± 2.75	4.31 ± 7.07	−0.74 ± 2.10	-	1.61 ± 4.51
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	−0.65 ± 0.85	-	-	−4.24 ± 6.61	-
		坡度 Slope	1.55 ± 1.24	1.44 ± 1.65	−3.94 ± 3.37	0.39 ± 1.28	−2.25 ± 1.66*
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	3.85 ± 3.62	3.12 ± 3.16	1.07 ± 1.41	1.59 ± 3.03	-
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		占域率 Occupancy	0.02 ± 0.09	0.01 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.90 ± 0.20	0.38 ± 0.09	0.34 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	-	−1.09 ± 1.47	0.10 ± 1.10	−0.68 ± 0.87	−0.08 ± 1.38
		距道路距离 Distance to road	-1.01 ± 1.33	−3.21 ± 2.76*	−1.11 ± 0.90*	−0.92 ± 0.76	−2.39 ± 1.68*
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.21 ± 2.20	0.70 ± 1.58	0.15 ± 0.82	0.11 ± 0.77	−0.76 ± 1.08
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−6.06 ± 9.58	2.00 ± 2.03	0.18 ± 1.44	−0.77 ± 0.96	−5.67 ± 5.81*
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	-	-	-	−0.90 ± 1.68	1.79 ± 2.68
		坡度 Slope	0.20 ± 1.04	2.93 ± 3.42	1.26 ± 1.16	−0.18 ± 0.71	0.59 ± 1.06
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	−3.54 ± 3.98	−5.75 ± 6.84	−1.67 ± 2.05	1.15 ± 1.49	−4.53 ± 3.53*
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus		占域率 Occupancy	0.18 ± 0.33	0.27 ± 0.16	0.09 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.31	0.64 ± 0.20
		探测率 Detection probability	0.30 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.08	0.46 ± 0.11	0.24 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.06
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−0.47 ± 0.99	4.60 ± 4.75*	0.82 ± 1.45	−0.36 ± 1.19	0.41 ± 0.77
		距道路距离 Distance to road	0.23 ± 1.04	−0.41 ± 1.00	−1.22 ± 0.95	−3.52 ± 2.66*	−0.69 ± 0.72
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.13 ± 1.34*	3.81 ± 3.70*	1.33 ± 1.32	0.50 ± 0.75	−0.11 ± 0.70
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−5.79 ± 6.36*	0.66 ± 0.95	−3.09 ± 4.00	−0.65 ± 1.57	2.63 ± 3.50
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	0.11 ± 0.90	-	-	-	-
		坡度 Slope	−0.91 ± 2.09	0.73 ± 0.87	0.42 ± 1.07	0.80 ± 1.08	−0.56 ± 0.71
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	1.47 ± 1.85	2.15 ± 1.85*	−0.43 ± 1.38	0.46 ± 0.86	−1.25 ± 1.65
野猪 Sus scrofa		占域率 Occupancy	0.81 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.06	-	0.58 ± 0.26	0.41 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.17 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.09	-	0.17 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−2.66 ± 3.18	−1.35 ± 1.56	-	0.10 ± 0.97	−0.52 ± 0.57
		距道路距离 Distance to road	−0.43 ± 0.80	−2.58 ± 2.24*	-	−1.75 ± 1.26*	−0.32 ± 0.55
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.70 ± 1.41	0.42 ± 1.35	-	-	0.05 ± 0.55
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	4.63 ± 6.20	−5.07 ± 4.49*	-	−0.70 ± 1.62	−0.09 ± 0.87
野猪 Sus scrofa	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.26 ± 0.48
	坡度 Slope		−1.65 ± 2.00	1.02 ± 0.96	-	−1.62 ± 1.98	−0.29 ± 0.49
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		−0.41 ± 1.47	−4.37 ± 6.61	-	−1.69 ± 2.14	−0.15 ± 0.48
四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	占域率 Occupancy		0.12 ± 0.14	0.07 ± 0.22	0.04 ± 0.13	0.32 ± 0.27	0.74 ± 0.46
	探测率 Detection probability		0.24 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.08	0.19 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.06
	距河流距离 Distance to river		0.04 ± 1.41	0.57 ± 1.76	1.48 ± 3.26	1.55 ± 1.81	−1.76 ± 2.55
	距道路距离 Distance to road		2.58 ± 1.92*	-	6.63 ± 5.65*	1.25 ± 1.46	1.49 ± 1.38*
	常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest		−0.68 ± 0.94	−1.06 ± 0.86*	0.17 ± 1.49	−0.34 ± 1.18	−2.72 ± 3.49*
	落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest		0.35 ± 1.80	−6.71 ± 8.09*	-	−3.14 ± 1.85*	−1.78 ± 3.52
	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.34 ± 1.11
	坡度 Slope		0.69 ± 1.07	0.81 ± 1.10	−0.03 ± 1.18	1.95 ± 2.16	−0.19 ± 1.08
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		0.79 ± 0.93	0.08 ± 0.87	−1.62 ± 1.95	2.08 ± 3.26*	0.50 ± 2.97

物种 Species			年份 Year
物种 Species			2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus		占域率 Occupancy	0.80 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.10	0.97 ± 0.07
		探测率 Detection probability	0.38 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.04	0.43 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.04
		距河流距离 Distance to river	0.75 ± 1.12	3.80 ± 4.74	1.56 ± 2.83	3.94 ± 4.34	1.22 ± 1.45
		距道路距离 Distance to road	1.59 ± 1.35*	0.96 ± 1.29	1.16 ± 0.95	3.55 ± 3.94	−1.32 ± 2.06
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.16 ± 0.92	−1.68 ± 1.95	−1.55 ± 2.30	1.72 ± 1.86	−0.71 ± 1.30
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−2.17 ± 2.75	4.31 ± 7.07	−0.74 ± 2.10	-	1.61 ± 4.51
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	−0.65 ± 0.85	-	-	−4.24 ± 6.61	-
		坡度 Slope	1.55 ± 1.24	1.44 ± 1.65	−3.94 ± 3.37	0.39 ± 1.28	−2.25 ± 1.66*
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	3.85 ± 3.62	3.12 ± 3.16	1.07 ± 1.41	1.59 ± 3.03	-
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		占域率 Occupancy	0.02 ± 0.09	0.01 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.90 ± 0.20	0.38 ± 0.09	0.34 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	-	−1.09 ± 1.47	0.10 ± 1.10	−0.68 ± 0.87	−0.08 ± 1.38
		距道路距离 Distance to road	-1.01 ± 1.33	−3.21 ± 2.76*	−1.11 ± 0.90*	−0.92 ± 0.76	−2.39 ± 1.68*
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.21 ± 2.20	0.70 ± 1.58	0.15 ± 0.82	0.11 ± 0.77	−0.76 ± 1.08
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−6.06 ± 9.58	2.00 ± 2.03	0.18 ± 1.44	−0.77 ± 0.96	−5.67 ± 5.81*
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	-	-	-	−0.90 ± 1.68	1.79 ± 2.68
		坡度 Slope	0.20 ± 1.04	2.93 ± 3.42	1.26 ± 1.16	−0.18 ± 0.71	0.59 ± 1.06
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	−3.54 ± 3.98	−5.75 ± 6.84	−1.67 ± 2.05	1.15 ± 1.49	−4.53 ± 3.53*
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus		占域率 Occupancy	0.18 ± 0.33	0.27 ± 0.16	0.09 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.31	0.64 ± 0.20
		探测率 Detection probability	0.30 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.08	0.46 ± 0.11	0.24 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.06
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−0.47 ± 0.99	4.60 ± 4.75*	0.82 ± 1.45	−0.36 ± 1.19	0.41 ± 0.77
		距道路距离 Distance to road	0.23 ± 1.04	−0.41 ± 1.00	−1.22 ± 0.95	−3.52 ± 2.66*	−0.69 ± 0.72
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.13 ± 1.34*	3.81 ± 3.70*	1.33 ± 1.32	0.50 ± 0.75	−0.11 ± 0.70
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−5.79 ± 6.36*	0.66 ± 0.95	−3.09 ± 4.00	−0.65 ± 1.57	2.63 ± 3.50
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	0.11 ± 0.90	-	-	-	-
		坡度 Slope	−0.91 ± 2.09	0.73 ± 0.87	0.42 ± 1.07	0.80 ± 1.08	−0.56 ± 0.71
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	1.47 ± 1.85	2.15 ± 1.85*	−0.43 ± 1.38	0.46 ± 0.86	−1.25 ± 1.65
野猪 Sus scrofa		占域率 Occupancy	0.81 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.06	-	0.58 ± 0.26	0.41 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.17 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.09	-	0.17 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−2.66 ± 3.18	−1.35 ± 1.56	-	0.10 ± 0.97	−0.52 ± 0.57
		距道路距离 Distance to road	−0.43 ± 0.80	−2.58 ± 2.24*	-	−1.75 ± 1.26*	−0.32 ± 0.55
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.70 ± 1.41	0.42 ± 1.35	-	-	0.05 ± 0.55
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	4.63 ± 6.20	−5.07 ± 4.49*	-	−0.70 ± 1.62	−0.09 ± 0.87
野猪 Sus scrofa	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.26 ± 0.48
	坡度 Slope		−1.65 ± 2.00	1.02 ± 0.96	-	−1.62 ± 1.98	−0.29 ± 0.49
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		−0.41 ± 1.47	−4.37 ± 6.61	-	−1.69 ± 2.14	−0.15 ± 0.48
四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	占域率 Occupancy		0.12 ± 0.14	0.07 ± 0.22	0.04 ± 0.13	0.32 ± 0.27	0.74 ± 0.46
	探测率 Detection probability		0.24 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.08	0.19 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.06
	距河流距离 Distance to river		0.04 ± 1.41	0.57 ± 1.76	1.48 ± 3.26	1.55 ± 1.81	−1.76 ± 2.55
	距道路距离 Distance to road		2.58 ± 1.92*	-	6.63 ± 5.65*	1.25 ± 1.46	1.49 ± 1.38*
	常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest		−0.68 ± 0.94	−1.06 ± 0.86*	0.17 ± 1.49	−0.34 ± 1.18	−2.72 ± 3.49*
	落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest		0.35 ± 1.80	−6.71 ± 8.09*	-	−3.14 ± 1.85*	−1.78 ± 3.52
	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.34 ± 1.11
	坡度 Slope		0.69 ± 1.07	0.81 ± 1.10	−0.03 ± 1.18	1.95 ± 2.16	−0.19 ± 1.08
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		0.79 ± 0.93	0.08 ± 0.87	−1.62 ± 1.95	2.08 ± 3.26*	0.50 ± 2.97

西南山地有蹄类栖息地利用率变化及环境影响: 以关坝村红外相机监测为例

Dynamics of ungulate habitat use and their environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study from Guanba

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