基于公民科学数据的全国地级以上城市公园鸟类群落特征及环境影响因子

doi:10.17520/biods.2025347

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在快速城市化背景下, 城市公园作为生物多样性庇护所的功能日益凸显。但全国尺度下公园鸟类群落组成特征及公园空间特征(面积、水体分布)对物种丰富度的影响仍缺乏量化研究。本研究基于中国观鸟记录中心截至2023年12月31日的审核数据, 整合175个地级以上城市942个公园的标准化记录, 解析城市公园鸟类多样性格局及其驱动机制, 并编制中国城市公园鸟类名录。主要发现如下: 共记录到鸟类751种, 隶属于22目91科, 占中国鸟类物种数的49.8%, 其中国家一级保护野生鸟类26种, 二级46种, IUCN极危(CR) 4种, 濒危(EN) 8种; 公园鸟类以候鸟为主, 南方公园留鸟比例显著高于北方, 北方候鸟比例高于南方; 北方鸟类更倾向于食虫和植食(种食); 南方更倾向于食虫和杂食; 公园面积(估计值 = 0.1899, P < 0.001)、内部水体(估计值 = 0.2512, P < 0.001)及外部0.5 km缓冲区水体(估计值 = 0.2581, P = 0.004)均显著正向影响鸟类物种多样性, 其中水体(尤其外部水体)的影响超过面积效应。鉴于食虫候鸟(40.8%)的主导地位及濒危鸟类对水体的高度依赖, 建议优先构建半自然灌丛生境并优化水体-生态廊道系统。

关键词: 城市公园, 水体, 鸟类物种丰富度, 濒危鸟类, 中国城市公园鸟类名录

Abstract

Aim: Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, urban parks have increasingly served as critical biodiversity refugia. However, quantitative studies on the composition characteristics of park avian communities and the effects of park spatial features (area, waterbody distribution) on avian species richness remain scarce at the national scale.
Methods: This study used standardized observational data from BirdReport (https://www.birdreport.cn/), including records from 942 parks in 175 Chinese prefecture-level cities (as of December 31, 2023). We analyzed national-scale patterns of avian diversity in urban parks, examined environmental driving mechanisms, and compiled the first comprehensive Checklist of Birds in Urban Parks of China.
Results: A total of 751 bird species (22 orders, 91 families) were documented in urban parks, representing 49.8% of China’s total avian species. This included 26 nationally Class I protected species, 46 Class II protected species, 4 species listed as Critically Endangered (CR) and 8 as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List. Birds in parks are predominantly migratory. The proportion of resident birds in urban parks in southern China is significantly higher than that in northern China, whereas the proportion of migratory birds is higher in northern China. Bird species in urban parks in northern China are more inclined to insectivory and herbivory (granivory), whereas those in southern China are more inclined to insectivory and omnivory. Park area (Estimate = 0.1899, P < 0.001), presence of internal waterbodies (Estimate = 0.2512, P < 0.001), and presence of external waterbodies within a 0.5 km buffer (Estimate = 0.2581, P = 0.004) all exerted significantly positive effects on avian species richness. Notably, waterbodies (especially external ones) emerged as a more critical driver than park area.
Conclusions: Given the dominance of insectivorous migratory birds (40.8%) and the high dependency of threatened species on waterbody habitats, we recommend prioritizing the creation of semi-natural shrub habitats and optimizing waterbody-ecological corridor networks to enhance the conservation function of urban parks.

Key words: urban park, water bodies, avian species richness, threatened avian species, Checklist of Birds in Urban Parks of China

周楠, 黄美玲, 谭筱彩, 刘骏杰, 文可, 蒋爱伍 (2026) 基于公民科学数据的全国地级以上城市公园鸟类群落特征及环境影响因子. 生物多样性, 34, 25347. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025347.

Nan Zhou, Meiling Huang, Xiaocai Tan, Junjie Liu, Ke Wen, Aiwu Jiang (2026) Bird community characteristics and their environmental drivers in urban parks across Chinese prefecture-level cities based on citizen science data. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25347. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025347.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025347

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I5/25347

图/表 4

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居留型 Residence pattern	食性 Feeding habit	数量 Number	占所属居留型的比例 Proportion of resident pattern	占所有鸟类物种的比例 Proportion of all species
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	106	49.5%	14.1%
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	32	15.0%	4.3%
	肉食类 Carnivorous	9	4.2%	1.2%
	杂食类 Omnivorous	52	24.3%	6.9%
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	15	7.0%	2.0%
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	306	57.0%	40.8%
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	76	14.2%	10.1%
	肉食类 Carnivorous	88	16.4%	11.7%
	杂食类 Omnivorous	55	10.2%	7.3%
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	12	2.2%	1.6%

居留型 Residence pattern	食性 Feeding habit	数量 Number	占所属居留型的比例 Proportion of resident pattern	占所有鸟类物种的比例 Proportion of all species
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	106	49.5%	14.1%
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	32	15.0%	4.3%
	肉食类 Carnivorous	9	4.2%	1.2%
	杂食类 Omnivorous	52	24.3%	6.9%
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	15	7.0%	2.0%
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	306	57.0%	40.8%
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	76	14.2%	10.1%
	肉食类 Carnivorous	88	16.4%	11.7%
	杂食类 Omnivorous	55	10.2%	7.3%
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	12	2.2%	1.6%

居留型 Residence pattern	食性 Feeding habit	数量 Number
北方 Northern China
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	191
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	66
	肉食类 Carnivorous	66
	杂食类 Omnivorous	43
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	6
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	38
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	21
	肉食类 Carnivorous	4
	杂食类 Omnivorous	20
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	2
南方 Southern China
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	281
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	63
	肉食类 Carnivorous	77
	杂食类 Omnivorous	46
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	12
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	92
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	16
	肉食类 Carnivorous	8
	杂食类 Omnivorous	42
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	13

居留型 Residence pattern	食性 Feeding habit	数量 Number
北方 Northern China
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	191
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	66
	肉食类 Carnivorous	66
	杂食类 Omnivorous	43
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	6
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	38
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	21
	肉食类 Carnivorous	4
	杂食类 Omnivorous	20
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	2
南方 Southern China
候鸟 Migratory	食虫类 Insectivorous	281
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	63
	肉食类 Carnivorous	77
	杂食类 Omnivorous	46
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	12
留鸟 Resident	食虫类 Insectivorous	92
	植食(种食)类 Herbivorous (Granivorous)	16
	肉食类 Carnivorous	8
	杂食类 Omnivorous	42
	食果/食蜜类 Frugivorous/Nectarivorous	13

变量 Variable	估计值 Estimate	置信区间下限 Lower confidence internal	置信区间上限 Upper confidence internal	P
公园面积 Park area	0.1899	0.1498	0.2234	< 0.001
内部具有水体 With water bodies within the park	0.2512	0.1443	0.3725	< 0.001
外部(0.5 km缓冲区)具有水体 Water bodies outside the park (0.5 km buffer zone)	0.2581	0.0990	0.3505	0.004