放牧干扰对王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2025501

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 25501. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025501 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025501

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

放牧干扰对王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布的影响

郭画¹(), 罗雨甜², 董译莉³(), 周铝¹(), 姚世贸¹, 朱旭飞¹, 田成¹^,^*()()

¹ 山西农业大学林学院, 山西晋中 030801
² 四川王朗国家级自然保护区管理局, 四川绵阳 622550
³ 北京林业大学林学院, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2025-12-18 接受日期:2026-03-19 出版日期:2026-06-20 发布日期:2026-07-30
通讯作者: *E-mail: tiancheng@sxau.edu.cn
基金资助:
山西省优秀博士来晋工作奖励基金(SXBYKY2021029);山西农业大学科技创新基金(2020BQ61)

Effects of livestock grazing on the spatio-temporal distribution of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve

Hua Guo¹(), Yutian Luo², Yili Dong³(), Lü Zhou¹(), Shimao Yao¹, Xufei Zhu¹, Cheng Tian¹^,^*()()

¹ College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
² Sichuan Wanglang National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Mianyang, Sichuan 622550, China
³ College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2025-12-18 Accepted:2026-03-19 Online:2026-06-20 Published:2026-07-30
Contact: *E-mail: tiancheng@sxau.edu.cn
Supported by:
Excellent Doctoral Work Reward Fundation of Shanxi Province(SXBYKY2021029);Technological Innovation Foundation of Shanxi Agricultural University(2020BQ61)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

家畜放牧是威胁野生动物的重要因素之一, 明确野生动物对放牧干扰的响应对物种保护意义重大。自然保护区中散养的牛、马等家畜会破坏野生动物栖息地, 但关于家畜如何影响雉类时空分布格局的相关定量评估仍十分有限。本研究于2011-2015年选取四川王朗国家级自然保护区为研究区域, 以红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)和家畜(牛、马)为研究对象开展红外相机监测, 采用多物种占域模型(multi-species occupancy models)、核密度估计方法(kernel density estimation)和回避-吸引指数(avoidance-attraction ratios, AAR)探究家畜放牧对红腹角雉栖息地活动节律及占域的影响。结果显示, 在时间维度上, 红腹角雉的活动模式与家畜高度重叠(重叠系数∆₄ = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95), 行为上显著回避家畜(AAR = 3.17)。在空间维度上, 红腹角雉的边际占域率与灌木盖度(β = 0.16)、郁闭度(β = 0.06)呈正相关, 与凋落物(β = -0.36)、草本盖度(β = -0.41)、海拔(β = -0.20)、竹子盖度(β = -0.10)呈负相关; 家畜的边际占域率与郁闭度(β = 0.39)呈正相关, 与凋落物(β = -0.10)、距最近河流距离(β = -0.15)、海拔(β = -0.33)、灌木盖度(β = -0.54)、竹子盖度(β = -0.25)呈负相关。红腹角雉的栖息地利用同时受家畜以及其他生态因子的共同影响。家畜的存在改变了红腹角雉对竹子盖度、海拔和距最近河流距离的占域响应, 使其更倾向于利用竹子盖度较高、海拔较低且距最近河流较远的栖息地。我们建议对家畜放牧进行管控, 以促进王朗国家级自然保护区雉类种群及栖息地的恢复。

关键词: 放牧干扰, 栖息地利用, 活动节律, 王朗国家级自然保护区, 红外相机, 占域模型

Abstract

Aims: Livestock grazing is one of the primary threats to wildlife, and elucidating the responses of wildlife to grazing disturbance is crucial for species conservation. Free-ranging livestock such as cattle and horses in nature reserves can degrade wildlife habitats. However, quantitative assessments of how livestock influence the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of pheasants remain scarce.

Methods: From 2011 to 2015, we conducted this study at Wanglang National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, China. Camera trap surveys were implemented targeting Tragopan temminckii and livestock (cattle and horses). Multi-species occupancy models, kernel density estimation, and the avoidance-attraction ratios (AAR) were employed to investigate the effects of livestock grazing on the activity rhythm, habitat use, and occupancy of Tragopan temminckii.

Results: The results revealed that in the temporal dimension, the activity pattern of Tragopan temminckii overlapped highly with that of livestock (coefficient of overlap ∆₄= 0.74, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95), and the species exhibited significant behavioral avoidance of livestock (AAR = 3.17). In the spatial dimension, the marginal occupancy probability of Tragopan temminckii was positively correlated with shrub coverage (β = 0.16) and canopy closure (β = 0.06), but negatively correlated with litter layer (β = -0.36), herbaceous coverage (β = -0.41), altitude (β = -0.20), and bamboo coverage (β = -0.10). For livestock, the marginal occupancy probability was positively correlated with canopy closure (β = 0.39) and negatively correlated with litter layer (β = -0.10), distance to the nearest river (β = -0.15), altitude (β = -0.33), shrub coverage (β = -0.54), and bamboo coverage (β = -0.25). The habitat use of Tragopan temminckii was jointly affected by livestock and other ecological factors. The presence of livestock altered the occupancy responses of Tragopan temminckii to bamboo coverage, altitude, and distance to the nearest river, driving the species to prefer habitats with higher bamboo coverage, lower altitude, and greater distance from river.

Conclusion: We propose that grazing management measures should be implemented to promote the recovery of pheasant populations and their habitats in Wanglang National Nature Reserve.

Key words: grazing disturbance, habitat use, activity rhythm, Wanglang National Nature Reserve, camera trap, occupancy model

郭画, 罗雨甜, 董译莉, 周铝, 姚世贸, 朱旭飞, 田成 (2026) 放牧干扰对王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布的影响. 生物多样性, 34, 25501. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025501.

Hua Guo, Yutian Luo, Yili Dong, Lü Zhou, Shimao Yao, Xufei Zhu, Cheng Tian (2026) Effects of livestock grazing on the spatio-temporal distribution of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25501. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025501.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025501

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I6/25501

图/表 7

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环境协变量 Environmental covariates	描述 Description	协变量类型 Covariate type
相机监测天数 Camera monitoring days (d)	每个相机的监测天数 Monitoring days of each camera	探测协变量(p)
海拔 Altitude (m)	每个相机位点的海拔高度 Altitude of each camera	占域协变量(ψ)
郁闭度 Canopy closure (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中乔木树冠比例 Proportion of tree crowns in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
草本盖度 Herbaceous coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中草本覆盖比例 Proportion of herbaceous coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中灌木覆盖比例 Proportion of shrub coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
竹子盖度 Bamboo coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中竹子覆盖比例 Proportion of bamboo coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
凋落物 Litter layer (cm)	20 m × 20 m样方中凋落物的厚度 Thickness of litter in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
距最近河流距离 Distance to the nearest river (m)	基于ArcGIS 10.8提取相机监测点位距最近水源的距离 The distance from the camera monitoring point to the nearest water source (extracted using ArcGIS 10.8)	占域协变量(ψ)

环境协变量 Environmental covariates	描述 Description	协变量类型 Covariate type
相机监测天数 Camera monitoring days (d)	每个相机的监测天数 Monitoring days of each camera	探测协变量(p)
海拔 Altitude (m)	每个相机位点的海拔高度 Altitude of each camera	占域协变量(ψ)
郁闭度 Canopy closure (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中乔木树冠比例 Proportion of tree crowns in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
草本盖度 Herbaceous coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中草本覆盖比例 Proportion of herbaceous coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中灌木覆盖比例 Proportion of shrub coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
竹子盖度 Bamboo coverage (%)	20 m × 20 m样方中竹子覆盖比例 Proportion of bamboo coverage in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
凋落物 Litter layer (cm)	20 m × 20 m样方中凋落物的厚度 Thickness of litter in a 20 m × 20 m quadrat	占域协变量(ψ)
距最近河流距离 Distance to the nearest river (m)	基于ArcGIS 10.8提取相机监测点位距最近水源的距离 The distance from the camera monitoring point to the nearest water source (extracted using ArcGIS 10.8)	占域协变量(ψ)

模型选择 Model selection	参数个数 (K)	似然对数 (logLik)	基于小样本量修正的赤池信息量准则(AICc)	AICc差值 AICc differences	权重 Weight
红腹角雉 Tragopan temminckii
p(day), ψ(herb)	4	-365.39	738.95	0.00	0.12
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + shrub)	6	-358.53	739.13	0.17	0.11
p(day), ψ(litter + herb)	5	-361.88	739.16	0.21	0.11
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + altitude)	6	-358.53	739.16	0.21	0.11
p(day), ψ(herb + altitude)	5	-362.10	739.65	0.69	0.09
p(day), ψ(herb + bamboo)	5	-362.11	739.68	0.72	0.08
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + bamboo)	6	-358.73	740.15	1.19	0.07
p(day), ψ(herb + shrub)	5	-362.40	740.21	1.26	0.06
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + altitude + shrub)	7	-352.34	740.40	1.45	0.06
p(day), ψ(litter+ herb + altitude + bamboo)	7	-352.43	740.56	1.61	0.05
p(day), ψ(herb +bamboo +altitude)	6	-358.90	740.68	1.73	0.05
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + bamboo + shrub)	7	-352.54	740.86	1.91	0.05
p(day), ψ(herb + canopy)	5	-362.66	740.89	1.93	0.05
家畜 Livestock
p(.), ψ(canopy + altitude + shrub)	5	-184.68	394.67	0.00	0.12
p(.), ψ(canopy + shrub)	4	-188.38	395.04	0.37	0.10
p(.), ψ(shrub)	3	-191.91	395.15	0.48	0.10
p(.), ψ(altitude + shrub)	4	-188.47	395.33	0.66	0.09
p(.), ψ(canopy + bamboo + altitude + shrub)	6	-181.72	395.53	0.86	0.08
p(.), ψ(canopy)	3	-192.00	395.68	1.01	0.07
p(.), ψ(canopy + bamboo + shrub)	5	-184.85	395.75	1.08	0.07
p(.), ψ(bamboo + shrub)	4	-188.58	395.93	1.26	0.07
p(.), ψ(bamboo + altitude + shrub)	5	-185.04	396.23	1.56	0.06
p(.), ψ(litter + canopy + altitude + shrub)	6	-181.82	396.29	1.62	0.05
p(.), ψ(.)	2	-195.33	396.37	1.70	0.05
p(.), ψ(canopy + altitude + river + shrub)	6	-181.93	396.57	1.90	0.05
p(.), ψ(canopy + river + shrub)	5	-185.11	396.63	1.96	0.04
p(.), ψ(litter + canopy)	4	-188.66	396.65	1.98	0.04

模型选择 Model selection	参数个数 (K)	似然对数 (logLik)	基于小样本量修正的赤池信息量准则(AICc)	AICc差值 AICc differences	权重 Weight
红腹角雉 Tragopan temminckii
p(day), ψ(herb)	4	-365.39	738.95	0.00	0.12
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + shrub)	6	-358.53	739.13	0.17	0.11
p(day), ψ(litter + herb)	5	-361.88	739.16	0.21	0.11
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + altitude)	6	-358.53	739.16	0.21	0.11
p(day), ψ(herb + altitude)	5	-362.10	739.65	0.69	0.09
p(day), ψ(herb + bamboo)	5	-362.11	739.68	0.72	0.08
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + bamboo)	6	-358.73	740.15	1.19	0.07
p(day), ψ(herb + shrub)	5	-362.40	740.21	1.26	0.06
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + altitude + shrub)	7	-352.34	740.40	1.45	0.06
p(day), ψ(litter+ herb + altitude + bamboo)	7	-352.43	740.56	1.61	0.05
p(day), ψ(herb +bamboo +altitude)	6	-358.90	740.68	1.73	0.05
p(day), ψ(litter + herb + bamboo + shrub)	7	-352.54	740.86	1.91	0.05
p(day), ψ(herb + canopy)	5	-362.66	740.89	1.93	0.05
家畜 Livestock
p(.), ψ(canopy + altitude + shrub)	5	-184.68	394.67	0.00	0.12
p(.), ψ(canopy + shrub)	4	-188.38	395.04	0.37	0.10
p(.), ψ(shrub)	3	-191.91	395.15	0.48	0.10
p(.), ψ(altitude + shrub)	4	-188.47	395.33	0.66	0.09
p(.), ψ(canopy + bamboo + altitude + shrub)	6	-181.72	395.53	0.86	0.08
p(.), ψ(canopy)	3	-192.00	395.68	1.01	0.07
p(.), ψ(canopy + bamboo + shrub)	5	-184.85	395.75	1.08	0.07
p(.), ψ(bamboo + shrub)	4	-188.58	395.93	1.26	0.07
p(.), ψ(bamboo + altitude + shrub)	5	-185.04	396.23	1.56	0.06
p(.), ψ(litter + canopy + altitude + shrub)	6	-181.82	396.29	1.62	0.05
p(.), ψ(.)	2	-195.33	396.37	1.70	0.05
p(.), ψ(canopy + altitude + river + shrub)	6	-181.93	396.57	1.90	0.05
p(.), ψ(canopy + river + shrub)	5	-185.11	396.63	1.96	0.04
p(.), ψ(litter + canopy)	4	-188.66	396.65	1.98	0.04

放牧干扰对王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布的影响

Effects of livestock grazing on the spatio-temporal distribution of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve

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