生物多样性

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西南山地有蹄类栖息地利用率多年变化及环境影响: 以关坝村红外相机监测为例

冯杰1#, 李彦知1#, 王书理1, 李岚曦1, 丁鹏飞1, 吕冰薇1, 孟吉2, 史湘莹1,3*, 李雪阳1,4*   

  1. 1. 山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871 2. 平武县关坝流域自然保护中心, 四川平武 622574 3. 北京大学国家发展研究院, 北京 100871 4. 北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-06 修回日期:2026-01-14 接受日期:2026-04-07
  • 通讯作者: 史湘莹,李雪阳

Long-term dynamics of ungulate habitat use and environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study in Guanba

Jie Feng1#, Yanzhi Li1#, Shuli Wang1, Lanxi Li1, Pengfei Ding1, Bingwei Lü1, Ji Meng2, Xiangying Shi1,3*, Xueyang Li1,4*   

  1. 1 Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871, China 

    2 Guanba Basin Conservation Center, Pingwu, Sichuan 622574, China 

    3 National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 

    4 School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

  • Received:2025-07-06 Revised:2026-01-14 Accepted:2026-04-07
  • Contact: Xiangying Shi, Xueyang Li

摘要: 作为森林生态系统的关键组分,山地有蹄类在维持生物多样性和生态系统功能方面具有重要作用。有蹄类长期种群动态及其对人类活动的长期响应规律,尤其在大型食肉动物缺位的区域,仍缺乏长期监测和深入的理解。本案例研究区域在中国西南山地、岷山山脉南部的平武县关坝村(2019 – 2023年),该地区因历史原因已无大型食肉动物分布,有蹄类更可能受到环境资源和人类活动干扰制约。通过布设25个红外相机网格开展长期红外相机监测,本研究重点分析了五种常见有蹄类(中华斑羚Naemorhedus griseus、小麂Muntiacus reevesi、毛冠鹿Elaphodus cephalophus、野猪Sus scrofa和四川羚牛Budorcas tibetanus)的栖息地利用率年际变化及占域率影响因素。结果发现,除野猪外的其余四种有蹄类都表现出栖息地利用率和相对多度增长趋势,其中四川羚牛的占域率从0.04(2019年)提升至0.74(2023年)。人类活动对不同物种的影响存在差异:在平均模型中,仅四川羚牛在多个年份受距道路距离的正向影响显著(w = 0.919、1.000、0.522),且均为距道路越远,四川羚牛占域率越高。不同年份影响各有蹄类占域率的关键环境协变量存在类型和显著程度的差异,表明不同年份的环境资源压力应存在差异,有蹄类可以调整对不同类型栖息地的利用。本研究补充了大型食肉动物缺失区域有蹄类的种群变化动态,探究了环境因素对有蹄类占域率的影响规律,为西南山地生态系统的适应性管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 有蹄类, 占域模型, 西南山地, 红外相机, 种群动态

Abstract

Aims: Mountain ungulates are crucial components of forest ecosystems, playing a significant role in sustaining biodiversity and ecological functions. However, understanding of ungulate population dynamics based on systematic long-term monitoring, and their long-term responses to human activities remain limited, especially in areas where large carnivores are absent. This study aims to investigate the interannual changes in site use and the environmental factors influencing the occupancy of common ungulates in a region historically lacking large carnivores. 

Methods: We conducted long-term monitoring by deploying 25 infrared camera grids in Guanba Village, Pingwu County, located in the southern Minshan of Southwest China (2019–2023). We focused on analyzing the interannual changes in site use and the factors affecting the occupancy rate for five common ungulate species: Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and Takin (Budorcas tibetanus). 

Results: The findings revealed that four of the five monitored ungulate species (excluding wild boar) exhibited an increasing trend in both site use rate and relative abundance index. Notably, the occupancy rate of Takins increased from 0.04 in 2019 to 0.74 in 2023. Model averaging indicated that the impact of human activities varied across species: only Takins were significantly and positively influenced by distance to roads across several years (w = 0.919, 1.000, and 0.522 in respective years), consistently showing a preference for areas further from roads. The key environmental covariates affecting occupancy varied by species and year, suggesting that ungulates flexibly adjust their habitat use in response to shifting environmental resource pressures. 

Conclusions: This study provides a supplement to the population dynamics of ungulates in areas where large carnivores are absent and explores the patterns of environmental factors influencing ungulate occupancy rates. The results offer a scientific basis for the adaptive management of mountain ecosystems in Southwest China.

Key words: ungulates, occupancy model, southwest mountain, camera trap, population dynamic