生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (8): 973-982. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019387
所属专题: 昆虫多样性与生态功能
收稿日期:
2019-12-06
接受日期:
2020-02-22
出版日期:
2020-08-20
发布日期:
2020-03-08
通讯作者:
王新谱
作者简介:
. E-mail: wangxinpu@nxu.edu.cn基金资助:
Xueqin Liu, Dahan He, Xinpu Wang*()
Received:
2019-12-06
Accepted:
2020-02-22
Online:
2020-08-20
Published:
2020-03-08
Contact:
Xinpu Wang
摘要:
蝴蝶是地球生物多样性的重要指示物种之一, 其种群动态及群落结构变化能够揭示环境改变对生态系统的影响。六盘山国家级自然保护区生境优越, 植物区系多样, 孕育了丰富的蝶类资源。为了有效利用环境和保护蝶类资源, 2016-2018年, 作者采用样线调查法, 对宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区人工植被、针阔混交林、阔叶林、灌木林4种生境中眼蝶亚科昆虫进行了调查, 分析了眼蝶在空间及时间上的动态变化。共记录眼蝶亚科13属19种4,363只, 其中阿芬眼蝶(Aphantopus hyperanthus, 961只)、亚洲白眼蝶(Melanargia asiatica, 637只)、爱珍眼蝶(Coenonympha oedippus, 594只)分别占总数的22%、15%和13%, 为保护区优势种; 蟾眼蝶(Triphysa phryne, 17只)仅占总数的0.39%, 为保护区的稀有种。在空间分布上, 4类生境中针阔混交林眼蝶物种丰富度和优势度低, 多样性指数最高, 不同生境眼蝶群落物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数存在明显差异(P < 0.05), 优势度指数差异不显著。在时间动态上, 2016-2018年眼蝶个体数量呈下降趋势, 物种个体数量高峰期主要发生在8月, 优势种变化明显。因此, 保护宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶种类多样性刻不容缓。
刘学琴, 贺达汉, 王新谱 (2020) 宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区眼蝶群落多样性. 生物多样性, 28, 973-982. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019387.
Xueqin Liu, Dahan He, Xinpu Wang (2020) Diversity of Satyrinae in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve of Ningxia. Biodiversity Science, 28, 973-982. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019387.
样线 Transect | 位置 Location | 海拔范围 Range of elevation (m) | 经纬度 Longitude and latitude | 生境类型 Habitat type | 植被特征 Vegetation characters | 干扰程度 Disturbance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 冶家村 Yejiacun | 1,792-1,842 | 35°24°49? N 106°23°02? E | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 马铃薯、苜蓿等 Solanum tuberosum, Medicago spp. etc. | 弱 Weak |
T2 | 龙潭林场 Longtan forest farm | 1,860-1,894 | 35°20°03? N 106°21°39? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 弱 Weak |
T3 | 龙潭水库 Longtan reservoir | 1,850-1,873 | 35°21°00? N 106°18°43? E | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 人工栽植槐树、草坪等 Artificial plantation of Sophora japonica, lawns etc. | 弱 Weak |
T4 | 小南川 Xiaonanchuan | 1,965-2,000 | 35°23°51? N 106°21°19? E | 阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest | 白桦、辽东栎和山柳等 Betula platyphylla, Quercus liaotungensis, Salix pseudotangii etc. | 强 Strong |
T5 | 二龙河 Erlonghe | 2,068-2,213 | 35°23°25? N 106°22°15? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T6 | 红家峡1 Hongjiaxia1 | 1,993-2,099 | 35°35°51? N 106°14°17? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T7 | 红家峡2 Hongjiaxia2 | 2,202-2,283 | 35°27°10? N 106°17°59? E | 灌木林 Shrub | 灌木 Shrub | 弱 Weak |
T8 | 东山坡 Dongshanpo | 2,203-2,440 | 35°27°13? N 106°15°53? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T9 | 大南沟 Danangou | 2,078-2,270 | 35°32°09? N 106°14°29? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T10 | 草沟 Caogou | 2,204-2,286 | 35°29°27? N 106°16°00? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
表1 六盘山国家级自然保护区眼蝶调查样线概况
Table 1 Characteristic of butterfly sampling transects in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve
样线 Transect | 位置 Location | 海拔范围 Range of elevation (m) | 经纬度 Longitude and latitude | 生境类型 Habitat type | 植被特征 Vegetation characters | 干扰程度 Disturbance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 冶家村 Yejiacun | 1,792-1,842 | 35°24°49? N 106°23°02? E | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 马铃薯、苜蓿等 Solanum tuberosum, Medicago spp. etc. | 弱 Weak |
T2 | 龙潭林场 Longtan forest farm | 1,860-1,894 | 35°20°03? N 106°21°39? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 弱 Weak |
T3 | 龙潭水库 Longtan reservoir | 1,850-1,873 | 35°21°00? N 106°18°43? E | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 人工栽植槐树、草坪等 Artificial plantation of Sophora japonica, lawns etc. | 弱 Weak |
T4 | 小南川 Xiaonanchuan | 1,965-2,000 | 35°23°51? N 106°21°19? E | 阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest | 白桦、辽东栎和山柳等 Betula platyphylla, Quercus liaotungensis, Salix pseudotangii etc. | 强 Strong |
T5 | 二龙河 Erlonghe | 2,068-2,213 | 35°23°25? N 106°22°15? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T6 | 红家峡1 Hongjiaxia1 | 1,993-2,099 | 35°35°51? N 106°14°17? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T7 | 红家峡2 Hongjiaxia2 | 2,202-2,283 | 35°27°10? N 106°17°59? E | 灌木林 Shrub | 灌木 Shrub | 弱 Weak |
T8 | 东山坡 Dongshanpo | 2,203-2,440 | 35°27°13? N 106°15°53? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T9 | 大南沟 Danangou | 2,078-2,270 | 35°32°09? N 106°14°29? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
T10 | 草沟 Caogou | 2,204-2,286 | 35°29°27? N 106°16°00? E | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest | 华北落叶松林、油松林为主 Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Pinus tabuliformis forest | 无 None |
种类 Species | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | 总计 Total | |
阿芬眼蝶属 Aphantopus | ||||||||||||||||
阿芬眼蝶 A. hyperanthus | 28 | 530 | 34 | 13 | 605 | 6 | 203 | 15 | 16 | 240 | 0 | 98 | 10 | 8 | 116 | 961 |
珍眼蝶属 Coenonympha | ||||||||||||||||
爱珍眼蝶 C. oedippus | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 43 | 269 | 2 | 15 | 329 | 33 | 192 | 3 | 14 | 242 | 594 |
牧女珍眼蝶 C. amaryllis | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 21 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 53 |
油庆珍眼蝶 C. glycerion | 62 | 238 | 7 | 5 | 312 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 366 |
藏眼蝶属 Tatinga | ||||||||||||||||
藏眼蝶 T. thibetana | 0 | 28 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 4 | 32 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 75 |
蟾眼蝶属 Triphysa | ||||||||||||||||
蟾眼蝶T. phryne | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17 |
黛眼蝶属 Lethe | ||||||||||||||||
黑带黛眼蝶 L. nigrifascia | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 83 | 0 | 13 | 96 | 1 | 81 | 1 | 0 | 83 | 189 |
苔娜黛眼蝶 L. diana | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
云南黛眼蝶 L. yunnana | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 28 |
红眼蝶属 Erebia | ||||||||||||||||
红眼蝶 E. alcmena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 223 | 2 | 0 | 225 | 17 | 187 | 1 | 0 | 205 | 432 |
荫眼蝶属 Neope | ||||||||||||||||
黄斑荫眼蝶N. pulaha | 0 | 112 | 18 | 5 | 135 | 0 | 47 | 11 | 14 | 72 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 36 | 57 | 264 |
链眼蝶属 Lopinga | ||||||||||||||||
黄环链眼蝶 L. achine | 0 | 179 | 0 | 1 | 180 | 4 | 91 | 4 | 7 | 106 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 299 |
云眼蝶属 Hyponephele | ||||||||||||||||
居间云眼蝶 H. interposita | 0 | 59 | 4 | 4 | 67 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 78 |
西方云眼蝶 H. dysdora | 0 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 |
矍眼蝶属 Ypthima | ||||||||||||||||
矍眼蝶 Y. balda | 8 | 121 | 6 | 4 | 139 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 148 |
乱云矍眼蝶 Y. megalomma | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 25 |
仁眼蝶属 Eumenis | ||||||||||||||||
仁眼蝶 E. autonoe | 1 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 30 |
蛇眼蝶属 Minois | ||||||||||||||||
蛇眼蝶 M. dryas | 10 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 17 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 57 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 130 |
亚洲白眼蝶属 Melanargia | ||||||||||||||||
亚洲白眼蝶 M. asiatica | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 34 | 339 | 1 | 13 | 387 | 66 | 153 | 6 | 11 | 236 | 637 |
个体数合计 Total individuals | 135 | 1,364 | 7 | 34 | 1,605 | 146 | 1,396 | 42 | 85 | 1,669 | 190 | 806 | 23 | 70 | 1,089 | 4,363 |
种数合计 Total species | 11 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 18 | 7 | 5 |
表2 2016-2018年六盘山国家级自然保护区不同生境眼蝶的种类与数量
Table 2 Species and individual numbers of Satyrinae recorded in different habitat types of the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve from 2016 to 2018
种类 Species | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | AV | CB | SH | BF | 小计 Sub- total | 总计 Total | |
阿芬眼蝶属 Aphantopus | ||||||||||||||||
阿芬眼蝶 A. hyperanthus | 28 | 530 | 34 | 13 | 605 | 6 | 203 | 15 | 16 | 240 | 0 | 98 | 10 | 8 | 116 | 961 |
珍眼蝶属 Coenonympha | ||||||||||||||||
爱珍眼蝶 C. oedippus | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 43 | 269 | 2 | 15 | 329 | 33 | 192 | 3 | 14 | 242 | 594 |
牧女珍眼蝶 C. amaryllis | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 21 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 53 |
油庆珍眼蝶 C. glycerion | 62 | 238 | 7 | 5 | 312 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 366 |
藏眼蝶属 Tatinga | ||||||||||||||||
藏眼蝶 T. thibetana | 0 | 28 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 4 | 32 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 75 |
蟾眼蝶属 Triphysa | ||||||||||||||||
蟾眼蝶T. phryne | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17 |
黛眼蝶属 Lethe | ||||||||||||||||
黑带黛眼蝶 L. nigrifascia | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 83 | 0 | 13 | 96 | 1 | 81 | 1 | 0 | 83 | 189 |
苔娜黛眼蝶 L. diana | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
云南黛眼蝶 L. yunnana | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 28 |
红眼蝶属 Erebia | ||||||||||||||||
红眼蝶 E. alcmena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 223 | 2 | 0 | 225 | 17 | 187 | 1 | 0 | 205 | 432 |
荫眼蝶属 Neope | ||||||||||||||||
黄斑荫眼蝶N. pulaha | 0 | 112 | 18 | 5 | 135 | 0 | 47 | 11 | 14 | 72 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 36 | 57 | 264 |
链眼蝶属 Lopinga | ||||||||||||||||
黄环链眼蝶 L. achine | 0 | 179 | 0 | 1 | 180 | 4 | 91 | 4 | 7 | 106 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 299 |
云眼蝶属 Hyponephele | ||||||||||||||||
居间云眼蝶 H. interposita | 0 | 59 | 4 | 4 | 67 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 78 |
西方云眼蝶 H. dysdora | 0 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 |
矍眼蝶属 Ypthima | ||||||||||||||||
矍眼蝶 Y. balda | 8 | 121 | 6 | 4 | 139 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 148 |
乱云矍眼蝶 Y. megalomma | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 25 |
仁眼蝶属 Eumenis | ||||||||||||||||
仁眼蝶 E. autonoe | 1 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 30 |
蛇眼蝶属 Minois | ||||||||||||||||
蛇眼蝶 M. dryas | 10 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 17 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 57 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 130 |
亚洲白眼蝶属 Melanargia | ||||||||||||||||
亚洲白眼蝶 M. asiatica | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 34 | 339 | 1 | 13 | 387 | 66 | 153 | 6 | 11 | 236 | 637 |
个体数合计 Total individuals | 135 | 1,364 | 7 | 34 | 1,605 | 146 | 1,396 | 42 | 85 | 1,669 | 190 | 806 | 23 | 70 | 1,089 | 4,363 |
种数合计 Total species | 11 | 18 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 18 | 7 | 5 |
图2 2016-2018年六盘山国家级自然保护区不同生境眼蝶群落多样性指数。 同一生境中不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Diversity indices of Satyrinae community in different habitat types of the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve from 2016 to 2018. Different lowercase letters in the same habitat indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). AV, Artificial vegetation; CB, Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; SH, Shrub; BF, Broad-leaved forest.
生境类型 Habitat type | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 灌木林 Shrub | 阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest |
---|---|---|---|---|
人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 10 | 4 | 5 | |
针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.5263 | 9 | 10 | |
灌木林 Shrub | 0.2500 | 0.5000 | 7 | |
阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest | 0.3125 | 0.5556 | 0.5833 |
表3 不同生境眼蝶群落共有种数(对角线上)及相似性系数(对角线下)
Table 3 Number of the shared species (above diagonal) and similarity coefficient (below diagonal) between habitat types
生境类型 Habitat type | 人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 灌木林 Shrub | 阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest |
---|---|---|---|---|
人工植被 Artificial vegetation | 10 | 4 | 5 | |
针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.5263 | 9 | 10 | |
灌木林 Shrub | 0.2500 | 0.5000 | 7 | |
阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest | 0.3125 | 0.5556 | 0.5833 |
图3 2016-2018年六盘山国家级自然保护区眼蝶个体数量(A)和物种数(B)的时间动态
Fig. 3 Temporal dynamics of the number of individuals (A) and species (B) of Satyrinae in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve from 2016 to 2018
图4 六盘山国家级自然保护区眼蝶群落多样性指数和物种丰富度指数的时间动态
Fig. 4 Temporal dynamics of diversity index and richness of Satyrinae butterfly in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve from 2016 to 2018
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