基于城市绿色高质量发展理念的中国城市生物多样性保护与提升

doi:10.17520/biods.2024524

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物多样性持续丧失已成为全球最严重的环境挑战之一。如何在城市发展中有效保护和提升生物多样性已成为紧迫的关键问题。在《生物多样性公约》机制下, 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》(以下简称《昆蒙框架》)的达成为城市生物多样性保护提升提供了切实可行的解决途径。为实现《昆蒙框架》目标要求, 中国形成了系列履约机制并建立了以市级住建部门为主的多部门协作模式。围绕目标12呈现多学科交叉、政府与学界广泛合作的趋势。我国迭代推进城市绿色高质量发展模式, 重点探索与生物多样性保护协同路径, 并在我国东部城市形成代表性示范区域。在此背景下的城市生物多样性保护与提升工作体现了持续优化与高度融合的特点。通过底线型指标进行管控约束、导向型指标作为实施工具进行建设引导, 主要将生物多样性从纳入城市发展主流、显著提高城市绿地的规模质量与连通性、改善人类健康与福祉3个领域展开实践。此外, 从景观、生态系统、物种、社会参与4个层次, 聚焦为19个关键任务, 其中12项回应了《昆蒙框架》目标12的关切。在绿色高质量发展和城市模式可持续实践背景下, 应首先夯实履约视角下的城市生物多样性保护提升目标体系、加强保护主流化、建立更为全面和有效的协调机制。重视城市发展与生物多样性保护的全要素、全周期衔接, 提高其与城市居民福祉和健康的联系性, 探索形成特色鲜明的绿色高质量发展与城市生物多样性保护提升“生物、宜居、福祉”三位一体的中国路径。

关键词: 绿色高质量发展, 城市, 生物多样性, 昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架, 生物多样性保护提升

Abstract

Background: Biodiversity loss has become one of the most serious environmental challenges in the world, and how to effectively conserve and enhance biodiversity in urban development has become an urgent issue. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides a solution for urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement.

Purpose: To identify the requirements for urban biodiversity conservation set out in the KMGBF and the upgrading of urban biodiversity conservation in the process of building green and high-quality urban development in China.

Results: China has formed a series of compliance mechanisms and a multisectoral collaboration model based on municipal-level housing and urban-rural development departments, showing a research trend of multidisciplinary crossover and extensive cooperation between the government and academia, and responding mainly to Target 12. China adopts the path of synergistic urban green high-quality development and biodiversity conservation, and iterative advances green high-quality development modes. The eastern region is the centralized distribution area of the representative cities, and the distribution of the representative cities of the three modes of Garden City, Forest City, and Park City overlaps considerably. The biodiversity conservation and enhancement of China’s urban biodiversity. The main tasks reflect the characteristics of continuous optimization and high integration, with bottom-line indicators for control and constraints, and oriented indicators as implementation tools for construction guidance, mainly from the perspective of incorporating into the mainstream of urban development, significantly improving the area, quality and connectivity of urban green space, and improving human health and well-being, and ultimately from the perspective of landscape, ecosystems, species, and social participation in the diversity of the four levels. Twelve tasks focus on Target 12 of the KMGBF, and seven other tasks are synergized with it.

Conclusion: In the context of green and high-quality development and the continued practice of the urban model, we should first consolidate the target system for urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement from the perspective of compliance, strengthen the mainstreaming of conservation, and establish a more comprehensive and effective coordinating mechanism. Attentions should be paid to the linkage between urban development and biodiversity conservation in its entirety and in its entire cycle, improving the linkage between urban development and the well-being and health of city dwellers. This will explore and form a distinctive Chinese path of high-quality green development and urban biodiversity conservation to enhance the trinity of “biology, livability and well-being”.

Key words: green and high-quality development, cities, biodiversity, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, biodiversity conservation enhancement

明玥, 郝培尧, 谭铃千, 郑曦 (2025) 基于城市绿色高质量发展理念的中国城市生物多样性保护与提升. 生物多样性, 33, 24524. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024524.

Yue Ming, Peiyao Hao, Lingqian Tan, Xi Zheng (2025) Urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement in China based on the concept of green and high-quality development of cities. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24524. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024524.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024524

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24524

图/表 10

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行动目标 Target	对城市生物多样性做出的要求 Requirements for urban biodiversity	城市生物多样性层次 Urban biodiversity hierarchy	实施路径 Urban biodiversity implementation pathway
目标1 Target 1	空间规划和管理、遏制生物多样性丧失 Spatial planning and management, combating biodiversity loss	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	保护规划、监测评估 Conservation planning, monitoring and evaluation
目标2 Target 2	生态系统恢复 Ecosystem restoration	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	调查评价、保护规划 Survey and evaluation, conservation planning
目标4 Target 4	维持和恢复物种丰度与遗传多样性 Maintaining and restoring species abundance and genetic diversity	物种多样性 Species diversity	调查评价、监测评估 Survey and evaluation, monitoring and evaluation
目标6 Target 6	外来入侵物种引入减半 Halving the introduction of invasive alien species	物种多样性 Species diversity	防控管理 Prevention and control management
目标9 Target 9	野生物种管理和可持续利用 Wild species management and sustainable use	物种多样性 Species diversity	防控管理、社会参与 Prevention and control management, public participation
目标10 Target 10	农、林业等可持续管理 Sustainable management of agriculture, forestry, etc.	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	防控管理、社会参与 Prevention and control management, public participation
目标11 Target 11	恢复、维持和增进自然对人类的贡献 Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contribution to humanity	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	保护规划、社会参与 Conservation planning, public participation
目标12 Target 12	将生物多样性的保护和可持续利用纳入主流; 确保城市规划中的多层次生物多样性; 加强生物多样性与人类健康福祉联系 Mainstreaming conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; ensuring multi-level biodiversity in urban planning; strengthening links between biodiversity and human health and well-being	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity 景观多样性 Landscape diversity 物种多样性 Species diversity	保护规划、防控管理、社会参与 Conservation planning, prevention and control management, public participation
目标13 Target 13	公平利用遗传资源及惠益 Equitable utilization of genetic resources and benefits	遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	防控管理 Prevention and control management
目标14 Target 14	纳入政策、法规、规划和发展进程 Integration into policies, regulations, planning and development processes		保护规划 Conservation planning

行动目标 Target	对城市生物多样性做出的要求 Requirements for urban biodiversity	城市生物多样性层次 Urban biodiversity hierarchy	实施路径 Urban biodiversity implementation pathway
目标1 Target 1	空间规划和管理、遏制生物多样性丧失 Spatial planning and management, combating biodiversity loss	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	保护规划、监测评估 Conservation planning, monitoring and evaluation
目标2 Target 2	生态系统恢复 Ecosystem restoration	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	调查评价、保护规划 Survey and evaluation, conservation planning
目标4 Target 4	维持和恢复物种丰度与遗传多样性 Maintaining and restoring species abundance and genetic diversity	物种多样性 Species diversity	调查评价、监测评估 Survey and evaluation, monitoring and evaluation
目标6 Target 6	外来入侵物种引入减半 Halving the introduction of invasive alien species	物种多样性 Species diversity	防控管理 Prevention and control management
目标9 Target 9	野生物种管理和可持续利用 Wild species management and sustainable use	物种多样性 Species diversity	防控管理、社会参与 Prevention and control management, public participation
目标10 Target 10	农、林业等可持续管理 Sustainable management of agriculture, forestry, etc.	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	防控管理、社会参与 Prevention and control management, public participation
目标11 Target 11	恢复、维持和增进自然对人类的贡献 Restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contribution to humanity	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity	保护规划、社会参与 Conservation planning, public participation
目标12 Target 12	将生物多样性的保护和可持续利用纳入主流; 确保城市规划中的多层次生物多样性; 加强生物多样性与人类健康福祉联系 Mainstreaming conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; ensuring multi-level biodiversity in urban planning; strengthening links between biodiversity and human health and well-being	生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity 景观多样性 Landscape diversity 物种多样性 Species diversity	保护规划、防控管理、社会参与 Conservation planning, prevention and control management, public participation
目标13 Target 13	公平利用遗传资源及惠益 Equitable utilization of genetic resources and benefits	遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	防控管理 Prevention and control management
目标14 Target 14	纳入政策、法规、规划和发展进程 Integration into policies, regulations, planning and development processes		保护规划 Conservation planning

城市发展模式 Urban development model	政策文本数量(份) Number of policy texts	直接提及“生物多样性”文本 Direct reference to “biodiversity” text
城市发展模式 Urban development model	政策文本数量(份) Number of policy texts	文本数量(份) Number of texts	文本占比 Percentage of texts (%)
园林城市 Landscape Garden City	160	56	35.00
生态园林城市 Ecological Garden City	123	65	52.85
森林城市 Forest City	144	63	43.75
公园城市 Park City	23	11	47.83
花园城市 Garden City	3	3	100

城市发展模式 Urban development model	政策文本数量(份) Number of policy texts	直接提及“生物多样性”文本 Direct reference to “biodiversity” text
城市发展模式 Urban development model	政策文本数量(份) Number of policy texts	文本数量(份) Number of texts	文本占比 Percentage of texts (%)
园林城市 Landscape Garden City	160	56	35.00
生态园林城市 Ecological Garden City	123	65	52.85
森林城市 Forest City	144	63	43.75
公园城市 Park City	23	11	47.83
花园城市 Garden City	3	3	100

城市发展模式 Urban development model	生物多样性指标数量 Number of biodiversity indicators	生物多样性指标总数 Total number of biodiversity indicators	生物多样性底线指标数量 Number of biodiversity bottom-line indicators	生物多样性底线指标占生物多样性指标数量比例 Biodiversity bottom-line indicators as a proportion of the number of biodiversity indicators (%)	评价标准 Evaluation criteria
园林城市 Landscape Garden City	10	18	4	25	《国家园林城市评选标准》建城〔2022〕2号 Selection Criteria for National Garden Cities, Jiancheng [2022] No. 2
生态园林城市 Ecological Garden City	10	18	4	25	《国家园林城市评选标准》建城〔2022〕2号 Selection Criteria for National Garden Cities, Jiancheng [2022] No. 2
森林城市 Forest City	9	23	8	88.89	《国家森林城市评价指标》Evaluation Indicators for National Forest Cities (GB/T 37342-2024)
公园城市 Park City	18	76	15	83.33	《公园城市评价标准》Evaluation Standards for Park Cities (T/CHSLA50008-2021)
花园城市 Garden City	9	29	2	22.22	《北京花园城市专项规划(2023年-2035年)》Beijing Garden City Special Plan (2023-2035)