全球生物多样性热点地区中国大城市的保护政策与优化方向

doi:10.17520/biods.2024529

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 24529. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024529 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024529

所属专题：昆蒙框架目标12下的中国城市生物多样性研究专辑

全球生物多样性热点地区中国大城市的保护政策与优化方向

干靓¹^,²^,^*()(), 刘巷序¹^,²(), 鲁雪茗¹^,², 岳星¹^,²

1.同济大学建筑与城市规划学院, 上海 200092
2.自然资源部国土空间智能规划技术重点实验室, 上海 200092

收稿日期:2024-12-01 接受日期:2025-03-06 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2025-03-27
通讯作者: 干靓
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(SQ2024YFF1300064);世界银行项目“China’s Urban Biodiversity Overview”

China’s large cities in global biodiversity hotspots: Conservation policies and optimization directions

Jing Gan¹^,²^,^*()(), Xiangxu Liu¹^,²(), Xueming Lu¹^,², Xing Yue¹^,²

1. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2. Key Laboratory of Spatial Intelligent Planning Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200092, China

Received:2024-12-01 Accepted:2025-03-06 Online:2025-05-20 Published:2025-03-27
Contact: Jing Gan
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(SQ2024YFF1300064);World Bank Project “China’s Urban Biodiversity Overview”

1. 附录.pdf(475KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球生物多样性热点大城市是全球城市发展和生物多样性保护的冲突之地, 对于维持区域内外生物多样性的平衡至关重要。但尚未有研究对全球生物多样性热点地区内的中国大城市进行专门研究。本文基于《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的履约目标12和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》的优先行动18, 从生物多样性保护规划与可持续利用计划编制、城市生物多样性调查监测与评估、城市生物物种栖息地修复及生态廊道建设、城市居民的自然联系与健康福祉、城市生态系统功能与服务5个方面梳理全球生物多样性热点地区内的中国16个百万人口以上城市的保护政策, 对照国际对比案例城市, 总结存在的问题并提出优化方向, 为平衡生态保护与高质量发展、促进生物多样性友好型城市建设提供参考。研究发现, 中外热点大城市均存在对自身的特殊生态区位缺乏认知、在长期规划中对生物多样性的考虑不足、城市生物多样性监测数据仍然匮乏等问题, 中国大城市还存在城市生物多样性数据监测覆盖面较少且方式较为单一、对公众的城市生物多样性体验及其设施建设的关注不够、城市生态系统服务的提供方面关注不足等问题。建议未来在以下方面进一步优化: (1)优先推进生物多样性保护空间规划编制; (2)探索多源数据监测新技术和新方法的集成应用; (3)促进多维度生物多样性体验的规范化; (4)推动城市生物多样性保护与生态系统服务协同。

关键词: 全球生物多样性热点地区, 热点大城市, 生物多样性, 保护政策, 优化建议

Abstract

Background & Aims Global biodiversity hotspot cities are where urban development and biodiversity conservation come into conflict, playing a critical role in maintaining biodiversity both within and beyond their regions. However, there has been no dedicated study focusing on Chinese cities within global biodiversity hotspots. Based on Target 12 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and Priority Action 18 of the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030), this research examines the biodiversity conservation policies of 16 Chinese cities with populations exceeding one million within global biodiversity hotspots from five key aspects: (1) biodiversity conservation planning and sustainable utilization plans, (2) urban biodiversity survey, monitoring, and assessment, (3) habitat restoration and ecological corridor construction, (4) the connection between urban residents and nature as well as their health and well-being, and (5) urban ecosystem functions and services. By comparing these conservation policies with international case cities, the study identifies existing challenges and proposes optimization directions to support biodiversity-friendly urban development while balancing ecological protection and high-quality urban growth.

Review ResultsThe findings show that both Chinese and international hotspot cities face common challenges, including a lack of awareness of their unique ecological location, insufficient long-term biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, and a general scarcity of biodiversity monitoring data. Additionally, Chinese cities exhibit specific issues such as limited coverage and single-method approaches in urban biodiversity monitoring, insufficient attention to biodiversity-related public experiences and supporting facilities, and inadequate focus on the provision of urban ecosystem services.

Optimization Trends Future enhancements to urban biodiversity conservation policies in these hotspot cities should prioritize the followings: (1) prioritizing the development of spatial planning for biodiversity conservation; (2) exploring the integrated application of multi-source data monitoring technologies; (3) standardizing multi-dimensional approaches to urban biodiversity experiences; (4) promoting synergistic enhancement of urban biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.

Key words: global biodiversity hotspots, hotspot cities, biodiversity, conservation policies, optimization recommendations

干靓, 刘巷序, 鲁雪茗, 岳星 (2025) 全球生物多样性热点地区中国大城市的保护政策与优化方向. 生物多样性, 33, 24529. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024529.

Jing Gan, Xiangxu Liu, Xueming Lu, Xing Yue (2025) China’s large cities in global biodiversity hotspots: Conservation policies and optimization directions. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24529. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024529.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024529

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24529

图/表 4

图1 全球生物多样性热点地区的中国人口超百万城市。按照《国务院关于调整城市规模划分标准的通知》要求, 根据《中国人口普查分县资料—2020》的城区常住人口统计数据, 确定超大城市、特大城市、I型大城市、II型大城市的类别。本图中的城区范围来自各城市的国土空间总体规划内界定的都市核心区(深圳市)、主城区(广州市、成都市)和中心城区(除深圳、广州、成都之外的其他城市)的范围。中国候鸟繁殖地、越冬地、迁徙停歇地源自《全国鸟类迁徙通道保护行动方案(2021-2035年)》, 陆生野生动物重要栖息地源自国家林业和草原局在2023年发布的《陆生野生动物重要栖息地名录》(第一批)。

Fig. 1 Chinese cities with populations over one million in biodiversity hotspots. The classification of megacities, super-large cities, and large cities (Type I and Type II) is based on the criteria outlined in the Notice of the State Council on Adjusting the Criteria for Classification the Size of Cities, using permanent urban population data from the tabulation on 2020 China Population Census Data by County. The boundary of urban areas in this figure refers to the metropolitan core area (for Shenzhen), main urban district (for Guangzhou and Chengdu), and central urban district (for all other cities), as delineated in each city’s territorial spatial planning. The locations of breeding sites, wintering sites, and stopover sites for migratory bird in China are based on the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Migratory Bird Flyways in China (2021-2035). Important habitats for terrestrial wildlife are sourced from the List of Important Habitats for Terrestrial Wildlife (First Batch) released by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2023.

图2 作为对比案例的国际热点大城市在全球的分布

Fig. 2 Distribution of selected cities in global biodiversity hotspots as comparative cases

图3 基于《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》目标12和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023‒2030年)》的优先行动18的热点大城市保护政策分析思路

Fig. 3 Analytical framework for conservation policies in hotspot cities based on Target 12 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and Priority Action 18 of the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030)

表1 中国热点大城市生物多样性保护政策情况

Table 1 Biodiversity conservation policies in the hotspot cities of China

城市 City	城市类型 City type	生物多样性保护规划与可持续利用计划编制 Preparation of plans for the conservation and sustainable use of urban biodiversity	城市生物多样性调查监测与评估 Urban biodiversity monitoring and assessment	城市生物栖息地修复及生态廊道建设 Habitat restoration and ecological corridor construction for urban biological species	城市居民的自然联系与健康福祉 Connection to nature, health and well-being of urban residents	城市生态系统功能与服务 Urban ecosystem functions and services
深圳 Shenzhen	超大城市 Megacity	●	●	●	●	●
广州 Guangzhou	超大城市 Megacity	●	●	●	●	〇
成都 Chengdu	超大城市 Megacity	●	●	●	●	●
东莞 Dongguan*	特大城市 Super-large city	〇	〇	〇	〇	〇
佛山 Foshan	特大城市 Super-large city	●	●	●	●	●
南宁 Nanning*	Ⅰ型大城市 Type I large city	●	〇	〇	〇	〇
乌鲁木 Urumqi*	Ⅰ型大城市 Type I large city	〇	〇	〇	〇	〇
中山 Zhongshan	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	〇	〇	●	●	〇
惠州 Huizhou	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	〇	〇	〇	●	●
汕头 Shantou*	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	●	〇	〇	〇	〇
海口 Haikou	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	●	〇	●	〇	●
珠海 Zhuhai	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	●	●	●	●	〇
江门 Jiangmen*	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	●	〇	〇	〇	〇
绵阳 Mianyang*	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	〇	〇	〇	〇	〇
湛江 Zhanjiang*	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	〇	〇	〇	〇	〇
宜宾 Yibin*	Ⅱ型大城市 Type II large city	●	〇	〇	〇	〇

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全球生物多样性热点地区中国大城市的保护政策与优化方向

China’s large cities in global biodiversity hotspots: Conservation policies and optimization directions

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