大都市地区的自然留野: 趋势与展望

doi:10.17520/biods.2024481

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 24481. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024481 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024481

所属专题：昆蒙框架目标12下的中国城市生物多样性研究专辑

大都市地区的自然留野: 趋势与展望

袁琳¹^,^*(), 王思琦², 侯静轩³

1.清华大学建筑学院, 北京 100084
2.西南民族大学建筑学院, 成都 610225
3.自然资源部国土空间规划研究中心, 北京 100034

收稿日期:2024-10-31 接受日期:2025-02-12 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2025-06-23
通讯作者: 袁琳
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800102);国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3802804);北京市社会科学基金(18SRC021)

Leaving space for wildness in metropolitan region: Trends and prospects

Lin Yuan¹^,^*(), Siqi Wang², Jingxuan Hou³

1. School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. School of Architecture, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
3. Research Center of Territorial Spatial Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100034, China

Received:2024-10-31 Accepted:2025-02-12 Online:2025-05-20 Published:2025-06-23
Contact: Lin Yuan
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3800102);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3802804);Beijing Social Science Foundation(18SRC021)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

留野作为国土空间维持生物多样性的重要举措, 在支持大都市地区生态可持续和高品质人居环境建设方面同样具有重要意义。当前大都市地区的规划体系对此探讨尚显不足, 而在生态文明体制推进过程中, 这一点尤需重视。本研究以历史的视角, 从大都市地区全域和城区两个尺度梳理了近30年中国大都市地区多类型自然生态空间的发展, 分析了大都市地区全域范围自然保护地与建成区共存格局逐渐增强的态势, 以及核心城区从突出绿色空间与建成区协同拓展到重点培育包含生态保护区的大型郊野公园的发展过程, 综合揭示了当前大都市地区自然留野现象逐步增强的趋势。进而, 围绕生态文明体制下的大都市地区规划, 从观念调整、体系发展、机制优化等方面进行了探讨与展望。本研究倡导立足大都市地区规划探索系统的留野区, 推动相关治理手段的发展, 支持“城野共荣”的未来大都市地区新形态的发展。

关键词: 留野, 大都市地区, 生物多样性, 人居环境

Abstract

Aims: Leaving space for wildness as a critical initiative for maintaining biodiversity within national territorial space, holds significant importance in supporting the construction of ecologically sustainable and high-quality metropolitan regions. However, current metropolitan planning systems have not sufficiently addressed this issue, and it is particularly crucial to emphasize this aspect in the advancement of the ecological civilization system.

Methods: This study adopts a historical perspective to examine the development of various types of natural ecological spaces in Chinese metropolitan areas over the past 30 years, focusing on both the overall metropolitan region and the urban core. It analyzes the increasingly prominent coexistence pattern between protected areas and built-up areas across metropolitan regions, as well as the evolution in core urban areas from emphasizing the coordinated expansion of green spaces and built-up areas to the focused development of large suburban parks that incorporate ecological conservation zones.

Results: These findings collectively reveal the gradually strengthening trend of natural wilderness preservation in contemporary metropolitan areas. Furthermore, the study explores and envisions metropolitan planning under the framework of the ecological civilization system, addressing aspects such as conceptual adjustments, system development, and mechanism optimization.

Conclusion: It advocates for the exploration of systematic space for wildness within metropolitan planning frameworks, promoting the development of relevant governance tools to support the future emergence of a new metropolitan form characterized by “urban-wilderness coexistence”.

Key words: leaving space for wildness, metropolitan region, biodiversity, human settlements

袁琳, 王思琦, 侯静轩 (2025) 大都市地区的自然留野: 趋势与展望. 生物多样性, 33, 24481. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024481.

Lin Yuan, Siqi Wang, Jingxuan Hou (2025) Leaving space for wildness in metropolitan region: Trends and prospects. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24481. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024481.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024481

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24481

图/表 10

图1 1990-2019年我国百万人口以上大都市与五类国家级自然保护地数量、面积增长情况

Fig. 1 Growth in the number and area of metropolitan regions with a population over one million and five types of national protected areas from 1990 to 2019

图2 1990-2019年大都市地区建成区与五类国家级自然保护地的空间关系

Fig. 2 Spatial relationship between built-up areas and five types of national protected areas in metropolitan regions from 1990 to 2019

图3 1990-2019年大都市地区内五类国家级自然保护地数量及其在全国五类国家级自然保护地总数中的占比增长情况

Fig. 3 Growth in the number of five types of national protected areas within the metropolitan regions and their share of the total number of five types of national protected areas in the country from 1990 to 2019

图4 1990-2019年大都市地区五类国家级自然保护地面积及其与建成区距离变化情况

Fig. 4 Changes in the area of five types of national protected areas and their distance from built-up areas in metropolitan regions from 1990 to 2019

图5 东部、中部和西部地区五类国家级自然保护地统计图

Fig. 5 Statistics of five types of national protected areas in the east, central and west regions

图6 东部、中部和西部大都市地区五类国家级自然保护地的变化趋势

Fig. 6 Spatial trends of five types of national protected areas in the eastern, central and western metropolitan regions

图7 2000-2017年27个百万人口省会城市/直辖市建成区面积与城市绿地率增长的关系

Fig. 7 Relationship between built-up area expansion and urban green space ratio growth in provincial capitals/municipalities (2000-2017)

图8 2000-2017年百万人口省会/直辖市建成区面积平均值与绿色空间比例平均值的关系

Fig. 8 Relationship between the average built-up area and the average proportion of green spaces in provincial capitals/ municipalities (2000-2017)

图9 2018年以来典型的大型郊野公园营造

Fig. 9 Development of typical large suburban parks since 2018

图10 在大都市地区探索系统的留野区

Fig. 10 Exploration for system of leaving space for wildness in metropolitan regions

参考文献 32

[1]	Beatley T (2011) Biophilic Cities:Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning. Island Press, Washington, DC.
[2]	Department of Urban Socioeconomic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics (2020) China City Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司 (2020) 中国城市统计年鉴. 中国统计出版社, 北京.]
[3]	Duan J, Hua SE, Lan WL (2023) Reflections on the value orientations of the Park City Index. City Planning Review, (S1), 5-11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[段进, 华澍而, 兰文龙 (2023) 《公园城市指数》的价值取向思考. 城市规划, (S1), 5-11.]
[4]	Fan L, Feng C, Wang Z, Tian J, Huang W, Wang W (2022) Balancing the conservation and poverty eradication: Differences in the spatial distribution characteristics of protected areas between poor and non-poor counties in China. Sustainability, 14, 4984.
[5]	Forman R (2008) Urban Regions:Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[6]	Forman R (2014) Urban Ecology:Science of Cities. Cambridge University Press, New York.
[7]	Gordon A, Simondson D, White M, Moilanen A, Bekessy SA (2009) Integrating conservation planning and land use planning in urban landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91, 183-194.
[8]	Güneralp B, Seto KC (2013) Futures of global urban expansion: Uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 014025.
[9]	Hansen AJ, DeFries R (2007) Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands. Ecological Applications, 17, 974-988. PMID
[10]	Horváth Z, Ptacnik R, Vad CF, Chase JM, Coulson T (2019) Habitat loss over six decades accelerates regional and local biodiversity loss via changing landscape connectance. Ecology Letters, 22, 1019-1027 DOI PMID
[11]	Hostetler M, Allen W, Meurk C (2011) Conserving urban biodiversity? Creating green infrastructure is only the first step. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100, 369-371.
[12]	Jorgense A, Keenan R (2012) Urban Wildscapes. Routledge, London and New York.
[13]	Kowarik I (2018) Urban wilderness: Supply, demand, and access. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 29, 336-347.
[14]	Li C, Yao T, Wang X, Zhang B, Qiao H, Hu J (2022) Prospects and challenges coexist in China’s new protected area system. Biodiversity and Conservation, 31, 315-319.
[15]	Li X, Gong P, Zhou Y, Wang J, Bai Y, Chen B, Hu T, Xiao Y, Xu B, Yang J (2020) Mapping global urban boundaries from the global artificial impervious area (GAIA) data. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 94044
[16]	Li XJ, Wu CZ, Wang HY, Zhong G, Li WM, Cheng YN, Yang X, Liu YP, Wang X (2019) Park City: A new model of urban construction. City Planning Review, (3), 50-58. (in Chinese)
	[李晓江, 吴承照, 王红扬, 钟舸, 李炜民, 成玉宁, 杨潇, 刘彦平, 王旭 (2019) 公园城市, 城市建设的新模式. 城市规划, (3), 50-58.]
[17]	McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman R (2008) The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 141, 1695-1703.
[18]	McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127, 247-260.
[19]	Miller-Rushing AJ, Primack RB, Ma KP, Zhou ZQ (2017) A Chinese approach to protected areas: A case study comparison with the United States. Biological Conservation, 210, 101-112.
[20]	Peng L, Zhao ZC, Yang R (2017) Analysis on the problems of protected area system in China and the countermeasure. Chinese Landscape Architecture, (4), 108-113. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[彭琳, 赵智聪, 杨锐 (2017) 中国自然保护地体制问题分析与应对. 中国园林, (4), 108-113.]
[21]	Steiner FR, Thompson GF, Carbonell A (2016) Nature and Cities: The Ecological Imperative in Urban Design and Planning. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge.
[22]	Su Y (2016) Protected area systems and new urbanization. China Development Observation, (10), 40-43. (in Chinese)
	[苏杨 (2016) 保护地体系与新型城镇化. 中国发展观察, (10), 40-43.]
[23]	Trzyna T (2014) Urban Protected Areas: Profiles and Best Practice Guidelines. IUCN, Gland.
[24]	Wang GT, Li F, Liu X, Gao NN, Gao Y (2021) New patterns of urbanization in the new development stage——The concept and identification standards of modern metropolitan areas. Urban Planning Forum, (2), 15-24. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[汪光焘, 李芬, 刘翔, 高楠楠, 高渝斐 (2021) 新发展阶段的城镇化新格局研究——现代化都市圈概念与识别界定标准. 城市规划学刊, (2), 15-24.]
[25]	Wang XR (2019) Urban wilderness and urban habitats. Landscape Architecture, 26(1), 4-5. (in Chinese)
	[王向荣 (2019) 城市荒野与城市生境. 风景园林, 26(1), 4-5.]
[26]	Watson J, Dudley N, Segan D, Hockings M (2014) The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515, 67-73.
[27]	Wu J, Wu G, Kong X, Luo Y, Zhang X (2020) Why should landowners in protected areas be compensated? A theoretical framework based on value capture. Land Use Policy, 95, 104640.
[28]	Wu RD, Zhang S, Yu DW, Zhao P, Li XH, Wang LZ, Yu Q, Ma J, Chen A, Long YC (2011) Effectiveness of China’s nature reserves in representing ecological diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 383-389.
[29]	Xu W, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yang W, Zhang L, Hull V, Wang Z, Zheng H, Liu J, Polasky S (2017) Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 114, 1601-1606.
[30]	Yang BJ, Chen P, Dong K, Sun J (2019) Formation of the national territory development planning system under the background of ecological civilization. Urban Planning Forum, (4), 16-23. (in Chinese)
	[杨保军, 陈鹏, 董珂, 孙娟 (2019) 生态文明背景下的国土空间规划体系构建. 城市规划学刊, (4), 16-23.]
[31]	Yang R, Peng QY, Cao Y, Zhong L, Hou SY, Zhao ZC, Huang C (2019) Transformative changes and paths toward biodiversity conservation in China. Biodiversity Science, 27, 1032-1040. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[杨锐, 彭钦一, 曹越, 钟乐, 侯姝彧, 赵智聪, 黄澄 (2019) 中国生物多样性保护的变革性转变及路径. 生物多样性, 27, 1032-1040.] DOI
[32]	Yuan L (2018) City park systems and human wellbeing: On park city for people. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 34(10), 39-44. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[袁琳 (2018) 城市地区公园体系与人民福祉——“公园城市”的思考. 中国园林, 34(10), 39-44.]

大都市地区的自然留野: 趋势与展望

Leaving space for wildness in metropolitan region: Trends and prospects

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 10

参考文献 32

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	赵富伟. 遗传资源数字序列信息多边机制的谈判进程及我国的对策[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(6): 24559-.
[2]	李云翱, 张文富, 赵桂刚, 杨春燕, 陈向清, 袁盛东, 曹敏, 蔡望, 杨洁. 利用空气环境DNA监测西双版纳20公顷森林动态样地陆生脊椎动物多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(6): 24318-.
[3]	干靓, 刘巷序, 鲁雪茗, 岳星. 全球生物多样性热点地区中国大城市的保护政策与优化方向[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24529-.
[4]	曾子轩, 杨锐, 黄越, 陈路遥. 清华大学校园鸟类多样性特征与环境关联[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24373-.
[5]	臧明月, 刘立, 马月, 徐徐, 胡飞龙, 卢晓强, 李佳琦, 于赐刚, 刘燕. 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》下的中国城市生物多样性保护[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24482-.
[6]	祝晓雨, 王晨灏, 王忠君, 张玉钧. 城市绿地生物多样性研究进展与展望[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 25027-.
[7]	胡敏, 李彬彬, Coraline Goron. 只绿是不够的: 一个生物多样性友好的城市公园管理框架[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24483-.
[8]	王欣, 鲍风宇. 基于鸟类多样性提升的南滇池国家湿地公园生态修复效果[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24531-.
[9]	明玥, 郝培尧, 谭铃千, 郑曦. 基于城市绿色高质量发展理念的中国城市生物多样性保护与提升[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24524-.
[10]	杨军, 杨旭东, 刘心怡, 周景. 面向《昆蒙框架》目标12的中国城市生物多样性研究展望[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 25104-.
[11]	杨梦婵, 方启年, 戎灿中, 胡思帆, 赵晶晶, 梁智健, 李添明. 公民科学在城市生物多样性调查监测上的应用现状与前景[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24464-.
[12]	齐月, 李俊生, 侯亚男. 城市植物多样性的人为影响因素及保护管理策略[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(5): 24484-.
[13]	谢淦, 宣晶, 付其迪, 魏泽, 薛凯, 雒海瑞, 高吉喜, 李敏. 草地植物多样性无人机调查的物种智能识别模型构建[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(4): 24236-.
[14]	褚晓琳, 张全国. 演化速率假说的实验验证研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(4): 25019-.
[15]	宋威, 程才, 王嘉伟, 吴纪华. 土壤微生物对植物多样性-生态系统功能关系的调控作用[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(4): 24579-.