海南鹦哥岭地区的鱼类物种多样性与分布特点

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作者分别于2001年和2005年对海南中部鹦哥岭的鱼类进行了实地调查, 记录到62种鱼类, 其中23种为鹦哥岭地区新记录种。结合文献资料, 该地区共记载有淡水鱼类7目20科59属75种(含亚种), 占海南岛已知淡水鱼类的70.8%; 海南特有种16个, 占海南特有淡水鱼类的80.0%。鱼类群落中以山区溪流性小型鱼类为主。鹦哥岭南北两坡(南坡昌化江流域, 北坡南渡江流域)共有的鱼类共36属42种, 占鹦哥岭纯淡水鱼类总种数的60.0%。但两坡的鱼类组成存在一定差异: 昌化江流域以山区溪流性鱼类为主, 南渡江流域则较多平原江河性物种。利用多样性指数, 得出鹦哥岭鱼类物种多样性最高的是南渡江流域的南开河和昌化江流域万冲河段的支流。鱼类的垂直分布集中在海拔200-600 m的中低海拔水体, 海拔600 m以上鱼类稀少, 而在900 m以上没有发现鱼类。有关部门近年已在鹦哥岭建立自然保护区, 为有效保护珍贵的鱼类资源, 按照当地鱼类水平和垂直分布特点划定鱼类重点保护河段是十分必要的。

关键词: 鱼类, 多样性, 分布, 鹦哥岭, 昌化江, 南渡江, 海南

Abstract

Recent fish surveys at Mt. Yinggeling in the interior of Hainan Island recorded 62 species, including 23 new to the area. Together with literature records, a total of 75 species or subspecies in 59 genera, 20 families and seven orders are now known from the Yinggeling area, representing 70.8% of the known freshwater ichthyofauna and 80.0% of the known endemic fish species of the island. The fish fauna was dominated by rheophilic hillstream species. The northern slope (Nandujiang catchment) and the southern slope (Changhuajiang catchment) shared 42 species in 36 genera (60.0% of total species), but the Nandujiang supports more species characteristic of floodplain while the Changhuajiang is dominated by hillstream species. Various diversity indices revealed that the Nankai River of the Nandujiang catchment and tributaries of the Wanchong section of the Changhuajiang are the best preserved sites with high fish diversity. Fishes concentrated in low- to mid-altitude streams and were rarely encountered above 600 m asl; none was found above 900 m asl. Yinggeling has recently been designated as a nature reserve, and it is crucial to identify sites of high conservation value based on current diversity and distribution patterns, and implement effective conservation measures for the long-term survival of its rich fish fauna.

Key words: fishes, diversity, distribution, Yinggeling, Hainan, China

陈辈乐, 陈湘粦 (2008) 海南鹦哥岭地区的鱼类物种多样性与分布特点. 生物多样性, 16, 44-52. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07021.

Bosco Pui Lok Chan, Xianglin Chen (2008) Species diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes at Mt. Yinggeling, Hainan Island, China. Biodiversity Science, 16, 44-52. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07021.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07021

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I1/44

图/表 6

参考文献 19

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物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang	物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes			野鲮亚科Labeoninae
鳗鲡科 Anguillidae			盆唇华鲮 Sinilabeo discognathoides	*	*
花鳗鲡 Anguilla marmorata¹	+	+	鲮 Cirrhinus molitorella	*	*
鲤形目 Cypriniformes			纹唇鱼 Osteochilus salsburyi	+	*
鲤科 Cyprinidae			东方麦头鱼 Garra orientalis	*	+
鱼丹亚科 Danioninae			海南麦头鱼 G. pingi hainanensis		*
南方波鱼 Rasbora steineri	+	*	鲤亚科 Cyprininae
海南异鱲 Parazacco spilurus fasciatus	+	+	鲤 Cyprinus carpio	+	+
宽鳍鱲 Zacco platypus	*	+	须鲫 Carassioides cantonensis	+
马口鱼 Opsariichthys bidens	+	+	鲫 Carassius auratus auratus	+	+
瑶山鲤 Yaoshanicus arcus	+	+	鳅科 Cobitidae
拟细鲫 Nicholsicypris normalis	+	+	花鳅亚科 Cobitinae
鲌亚科 Cultrinae			中华鳅 Cobitis sinensis	+
海南华鳊 Sinibrama melrosei	*	+	泥鳅 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus	+	+
?Hemiculter leucisculus	+		爬鳅科Balitoridae
海南拟? Pseudohemiculter hainanensis	+	+	条鳅亚科Nemacheilinae
锯齿海南?Hainania serrata		*	美丽小条鳅Micronemacheilus pulcher	+	+
海南鲌 Culter recurviceps	*		横纹南鳅Schistura fasciolata¹	+	+
鲴亚科 Xenocyprinae			无斑南鳅S. incerta¹	+	+
银鲴 Xenocypris argentea	+		腹吸鳅亚科Gastromyzoninae
黄尾鲴 X. davidi	+		琼中拟平鳅Liniparhomaloptera disparis qiongzhongensis	+	+
鲢亚科 Hypophthalmichthyinae			海南原缨口鳅Vanmanenia hainanensis		+
大鳞鲢 Hypophthalmichthys harmandi	*		爬岩鳅Beaufortia leveretti	+
鮈亚科 Gobioninae			平鳍鳅亚科Homalopterinae
间鱼骨 Hemibarbus medius	+	+	广西华平鳅 Sinohomaloptera kwangsiensis	*	+
海南黑鳍鳈 Sarcochilichthys nigripinnis hainanensis²	+		伍氏华吸鳅 Sinogastromyzon wui		+
暗斑银鮈Squalidus atromaculatus	+	+	脂鲤目Characiformes
似鲮小鳔鮈Microphysogobio labeoides	+	+	无齿脂鲤科Curimatidae
鳅鮀亚科Gobiobotinae			条纹鲮脂鲤Prochilodus lineatus	+
海南鳅鮀Gobiobotia kolleri	+	+	鲇形目Siluriformes
鱊亚科Acheilognathinae			鲿科Bagridae
越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis		*	越鳠Hemibagrus pluriradiatus³	+	+
高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus	+	+	长臀鮠科Cranoglanididae
鲃亚科Barbinae			海南长臀鮠Cranoglanis multiradiatus⁴	*
疏斑小鲃Puntius paucimaculatus		+	鲇科Siluridae
条纹小鲃P. semifasciolatus	+	+	吉氏隐鳍鲇Pterocryptis gilberti¹	+	+
光倒剌鲃Spinibarbus hollandi	+	+	越南隐鳍鲇P. cochinchinensis¹	+	+
倒剌鲃S. denticulatus denticulatus	*	*	鲇Silurus asotus	+	+
厚唇光唇鱼Acrossocheilus labiatus	+		鮡科 Sisoridae
大鳞光唇鱼 A. ikedai		*	海南纹胸鮡 Glyptothorax fukiensis hainanensis	+	+
虹彩光唇鱼A. iridescens iridescens	+	*	胡鲇科 Clariidae
细尾白甲鱼Onychostoma leptura	+	+	胡子鲇Clarias fuscus	+	+
南方白甲鱼O. gerlachi	*		鳉形目Cyprinodontiformes
海南瓣结鱼 Tor brevifilis hainanensis		*	花鳉科Poeciliidae
物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang	物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang
食蚊鱼Gambusia affinis²	+	+	虎鱼科 Gobiidae
合鳃鱼目Synbranchiformes			子陵吻鰕虎鱼 Rhinogobius giurinus	+	+
合鳃鱼科Synbranchidae			溪吻鰕虎鱼 R. duospilus	+	+
黄鳝Monopterus albus	+		项鳞吻鰕虎鱼 R. cervicosquamus²	+	+
刺鳅科Mastacembelidae			吻鰕虎鱼属sp. 1 Rhinogobius sp. 1	+
大刺鳅 Mastacembelus armatus	+	+	吻鰕虎鱼属sp. 2 Rhinogobius sp. 2	+
鲈形目Perciformes			攀鲈科 Anabantidae
锯盖鱼科Centropomidae			攀鲈 Anabas testudineus		+
中国少鳞鳜(石鳜) Coreoperca whiteheadi	*		斗鱼科 Belontiidae
丽鱼科Cichlidae			叉尾斗鱼 Macropodus opercularis		+
莫桑比克口孵非鲫 Oreochromis mossambica¹	+	+	鳢科 Channidae
尼罗口孵非鲫 O. niloticus niloticus¹	+	+	斑鳢 Channa maculata	*	+
塘鳢科 Eleotridae			宽额鳢(缘鳢) C. gachua	+	+
海南细齿塘鳢 Philypnus chalmersi		+	月鳢 C. asiatica		+

物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang	物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes			野鲮亚科Labeoninae
鳗鲡科 Anguillidae			盆唇华鲮 Sinilabeo discognathoides	*	*
花鳗鲡 Anguilla marmorata¹	+	+	鲮 Cirrhinus molitorella	*	*
鲤形目 Cypriniformes			纹唇鱼 Osteochilus salsburyi	+	*
鲤科 Cyprinidae			东方麦头鱼 Garra orientalis	*	+
鱼丹亚科 Danioninae			海南麦头鱼 G. pingi hainanensis		*
南方波鱼 Rasbora steineri	+	*	鲤亚科 Cyprininae
海南异鱲 Parazacco spilurus fasciatus	+	+	鲤 Cyprinus carpio	+	+
宽鳍鱲 Zacco platypus	*	+	须鲫 Carassioides cantonensis	+
马口鱼 Opsariichthys bidens	+	+	鲫 Carassius auratus auratus	+	+
瑶山鲤 Yaoshanicus arcus	+	+	鳅科 Cobitidae
拟细鲫 Nicholsicypris normalis	+	+	花鳅亚科 Cobitinae
鲌亚科 Cultrinae			中华鳅 Cobitis sinensis	+
海南华鳊 Sinibrama melrosei	*	+	泥鳅 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus	+	+
?Hemiculter leucisculus	+		爬鳅科Balitoridae
海南拟? Pseudohemiculter hainanensis	+	+	条鳅亚科Nemacheilinae
锯齿海南?Hainania serrata		*	美丽小条鳅Micronemacheilus pulcher	+	+
海南鲌 Culter recurviceps	*		横纹南鳅Schistura fasciolata¹	+	+
鲴亚科 Xenocyprinae			无斑南鳅S. incerta¹	+	+
银鲴 Xenocypris argentea	+		腹吸鳅亚科Gastromyzoninae
黄尾鲴 X. davidi	+		琼中拟平鳅Liniparhomaloptera disparis qiongzhongensis	+	+
鲢亚科 Hypophthalmichthyinae			海南原缨口鳅Vanmanenia hainanensis		+
大鳞鲢 Hypophthalmichthys harmandi	*		爬岩鳅Beaufortia leveretti	+
鮈亚科 Gobioninae			平鳍鳅亚科Homalopterinae
间鱼骨 Hemibarbus medius	+	+	广西华平鳅 Sinohomaloptera kwangsiensis	*	+
海南黑鳍鳈 Sarcochilichthys nigripinnis hainanensis²	+		伍氏华吸鳅 Sinogastromyzon wui		+
暗斑银鮈Squalidus atromaculatus	+	+	脂鲤目Characiformes
似鲮小鳔鮈Microphysogobio labeoides	+	+	无齿脂鲤科Curimatidae
鳅鮀亚科Gobiobotinae			条纹鲮脂鲤Prochilodus lineatus	+
海南鳅鮀Gobiobotia kolleri	+	+	鲇形目Siluriformes
鱊亚科Acheilognathinae			鲿科Bagridae
越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis		*	越鳠Hemibagrus pluriradiatus³	+	+
高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus	+	+	长臀鮠科Cranoglanididae
鲃亚科Barbinae			海南长臀鮠Cranoglanis multiradiatus⁴	*
疏斑小鲃Puntius paucimaculatus		+	鲇科Siluridae
条纹小鲃P. semifasciolatus	+	+	吉氏隐鳍鲇Pterocryptis gilberti¹	+	+
光倒剌鲃Spinibarbus hollandi	+	+	越南隐鳍鲇P. cochinchinensis¹	+	+
倒剌鲃S. denticulatus denticulatus	*	*	鲇Silurus asotus	+	+
厚唇光唇鱼Acrossocheilus labiatus	+		鮡科 Sisoridae
大鳞光唇鱼 A. ikedai		*	海南纹胸鮡 Glyptothorax fukiensis hainanensis	+	+
虹彩光唇鱼A. iridescens iridescens	+	*	胡鲇科 Clariidae
细尾白甲鱼Onychostoma leptura	+	+	胡子鲇Clarias fuscus	+	+
南方白甲鱼O. gerlachi	*		鳉形目Cyprinodontiformes
海南瓣结鱼 Tor brevifilis hainanensis		*	花鳉科Poeciliidae
物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang	物种 Species	南渡江水系 Nandujiang	昌化江水系 Changhuajiang
食蚊鱼Gambusia affinis²	+	+	虎鱼科 Gobiidae
合鳃鱼目Synbranchiformes			子陵吻鰕虎鱼 Rhinogobius giurinus	+	+
合鳃鱼科Synbranchidae			溪吻鰕虎鱼 R. duospilus	+	+
黄鳝Monopterus albus	+		项鳞吻鰕虎鱼 R. cervicosquamus²	+	+
刺鳅科Mastacembelidae			吻鰕虎鱼属sp. 1 Rhinogobius sp. 1	+
大刺鳅 Mastacembelus armatus	+	+	吻鰕虎鱼属sp. 2 Rhinogobius sp. 2	+
鲈形目Perciformes			攀鲈科 Anabantidae
锯盖鱼科Centropomidae			攀鲈 Anabas testudineus		+
中国少鳞鳜(石鳜) Coreoperca whiteheadi	*		斗鱼科 Belontiidae
丽鱼科Cichlidae			叉尾斗鱼 Macropodus opercularis		+
莫桑比克口孵非鲫 Oreochromis mossambica¹	+	+	鳢科 Channidae
尼罗口孵非鲫 O. niloticus niloticus¹	+	+	斑鳢 Channa maculata	*	+
塘鳢科 Eleotridae			宽额鳢(缘鳢) C. gachua	+	+
海南细齿塘鳢 Philypnus chalmersi		+	月鳢 C. asiatica		+

流域 Drainage	调查点 Site	种类数 Species number	Margalef指数 Margalef index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson’s index
南渡江 Nandujiang
	N1	26	3.86	2.60	0.90
	N2	33	5.26	2.88	0.92
	N3	16	3.74	2.28	0.84
	N4	7	1.86	1.54	0.71
	N5	8	1.47	1.60	0.75
	Mean±SD	18.00±11.34	3.24±1.56	2.18±0.60	0.82±0.82
昌化江 Changhuajiang
	C1	8	1.54	1.40	0.65
	C2	11	3.34	2.18	0.86
	C3	11	2.56	1.87	0.78
	C4	19	3.50	2.28	0.85
	C5	15	2.72	2.04	0.81
	C6	16	2.97	1.69	0.70
	C7	9	2.59	1.70	0.71
	C8	7	1.54	1.39	0.66
	C9	6	1.95	1.59	0.76
	C10	10	2.28	1.80	0.79
	C11	3	1.12	0.87	0.50
	C12	15	3.75	2.48	0.89
	C13	13	2.35	1.62	0.74
	C14	8	1.71	1.74	0.79
	C15	22	4.23	2.45	0.87
	C16	12	2.59	2.14	0.86
	C17	26	4.72	2.61	0.90
	Mean±SD	11.94±6.10	2.59±1.02	1.83±0.47	0.76±0.11

流域 Drainage	调查点 Site	种类数 Species number	Margalef指数 Margalef index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson’s index
南渡江 Nandujiang
	N1	26	3.86	2.60	0.90
	N2	33	5.26	2.88	0.92
	N3	16	3.74	2.28	0.84
	N4	7	1.86	1.54	0.71
	N5	8	1.47	1.60	0.75
	Mean±SD	18.00±11.34	3.24±1.56	2.18±0.60	0.82±0.82
昌化江 Changhuajiang
	C1	8	1.54	1.40	0.65
	C2	11	3.34	2.18	0.86
	C3	11	2.56	1.87	0.78
	C4	19	3.50	2.28	0.85
	C5	15	2.72	2.04	0.81
	C6	16	2.97	1.69	0.70
	C7	9	2.59	1.70	0.71
	C8	7	1.54	1.39	0.66
	C9	6	1.95	1.59	0.76
	C10	10	2.28	1.80	0.79
	C11	3	1.12	0.87	0.50
	C12	15	3.75	2.48	0.89
	C13	13	2.35	1.62	0.74
	C14	8	1.71	1.74	0.79
	C15	22	4.23	2.45	0.87
	C16	12	2.59	2.14	0.86
	C17	26	4.72	2.61	0.90
	Mean±SD	11.94±6.10	2.59±1.02	1.83±0.47	0.76±0.11