分类学中的方法论小叙

doi:10.17520/biods.2024541

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我从事分类学研究60年, 从《中国植物志》到世界专著性研究, 受到国内外的肯定。在这一过程中体会到, 完善而合理的研究方法至关重要。分类学是一门综合性很强的学科, 涉及到生物学几乎所有学科, 其中形态学、孢粉学、细胞学、遗传学、分子生物学和统计学是必须掌握的学科。针对中国的植物分类学研究历史和现状, 我以世界芍药属(科) (Paeonia, Paeoniaceae)和桔梗科党参属(Codonopsis, Campanulaceae)以及近缘类群的研究为例, 应用了上述各个学科, 重点强调野外考察和统计分析是不可或缺的研究方法。只有通过野外考察才能获取必要的实验材料, 才能分清居群多态性和种间差异; 唯有统计分析才能区分是种内的变异还是遗传隔离。分子系统学的兴起已使分类学进入一个崭新的时代, 分类学工作者必须认识它, 学习它。我的团队在上述两项研究中应用了它, 获得超预期的成果。我的感想是: 高水平的研究必须有完善的科学方法。

关键词: 分类, 物种界定, 方法, 野外考察, 统计分析, 分子系统发生, 芍药属, 桔梗科

Abstract

The author has been engaged in taxonomic research for 60 years, from Flora of China to world monographs, and has been recognized both at home and abroad. During this process, the author has realized that a complete and reasonable research method is of vital importance. Taxonomy is a highly comprehensive discipline, involving almost all branches of biology, among which morphology, palynology, cytology, genetics, molecular biology and statistics are indispensable. Taking the research on the genus Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) and the genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae) and their related groups as examples, the author has applied all the above-mentioned disciplines, emphasizing that field investigation and statistical analysis are indispensable research methods. Only through field investigation can necessary experimental materials be obtained and between the population polymorphism and interspecific differences be distinguished; only through statistical analysis can intraspecific variations and genetic isolation be differentiated. The rise of molecular systematics has brought taxonomy into a brand-new era, and taxonomists must recognize and learn it. My team has applied it in the above two studies and achieved unexpected results. My feeling is that high-level research must be based on complete scientific methods.

Key words: taxonomy, species delimitation, method, field investigation, statistical analysis, molecular phylogeny, Paeonia, Campanulaceae

洪德元 (2025) 分类学中的方法论小叙. 生物多样性, 33, 24541. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024541.

Hong Deyuan (2025) A brief discussion on methodology in taxonomy. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24541. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024541.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024541

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I2/24541

图/表 4

图1 桔梗科沙参属泡沙参(Adenophora potaninii Korsh.)居群内叶形的多态性。A. 原亚种subsp. potaninii; B. 多歧沙参subsp. wawreana (Zahlbr.) S. Ge & D.Y. Hong。A和B分别表示一个居群的取样; a和b与c和d分别表示一个居群两个个体的叶形及其后代的叶形(引自葛颂和洪德元, 1995)。

Fig. 1 Population polymorphism of leaf morphology in Adenophora potaninii Korsh. (Campanulaceae). A. subsp. potaninii; B. subsp. wawreana (Zahlbr.) S. Ge & D.Y. Hong. A & B, respectively showing sampling of a population. a, b, c & d respectively showing leaf morphology of two individuals from one population and leaf morphology of their offspring (Ge & Hong, 1995).

图2 滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi Franch.)云南中甸(香格里拉)两个居群内花色的多态性。A. 哈那村居群; B. 翁水居群(Hong et al, 1998)。

Fig. 2 Population polymorphism of petals in two populations of Paeonia delavayi Franch. in Shangri-la county, Yunnan. A. Hana Village population; B. Wengshui population (Hong et al, 1998).

图3 由4个叶绿体DNA片段构建的分子系统树。树上附有外部形态(花盘或腺体有否)、花粉类型(长沟或短沟)和染色体(2n = 14或16)。图示来自4个学科(外部形态、孢粉学、细胞学、分子生物学)信息的融合(Wang et al, 2014)。

Fig. 3 Molecular phylogenetic tree constructed from four chloroplast DNA fragments. The tree is annotated with external morphology (presence or absence of floral disc or glands), pollen morphology (long colpus or short colpus), and chromosome number (2n = 14 or 16). The illustration demonstrates the integration of information from four disciplines (external morphology, palynology, cytology, and molecular biology (Wang et al, 2014).

图4 对滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi Franch.) 12个居群的叶裂片数(A)和叶裂片宽度(B)作的标准差分析(引自Hong et al, 1998)

Fig. 4 Standard deviation of 12 populations for Paeonia delavayi Franch.: A. Number of leafy segments; B. Width of leaf segments (Hong et al, 1998; with permission)

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