青海省长江源区鱼类分布及多样性格局

doi:10.17520/biods.2024494

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 24494. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024494 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024494

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

青海省长江源区鱼类分布及多样性格局

马文俊¹^,²(), 刘思嘉¹^,²(), 李柯懋³, 简生龙³, 薛长安³, 韩庆祥³, 魏金良³, 陈生学¹^,²(), 牛依萌¹^,², 崔洲平¹^,², 隋瑞臣¹^,², 田菲¹^,²^,^*()(), 赵凯¹^,²^,^*()()

1.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室/高原生物适应与进化重点实验室, 西宁 810008
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.青海省渔业技术推广中心青海省高原水生生物及生态环境重点实验室, 西宁 810012

收稿日期:2024-11-11 接受日期:2025-02-13 出版日期:2025-02-20 发布日期:2025-02-20
通讯作者: *E-mail: zhaokai@nwipb.cas.cn; tianfei@nwipb.cas.cn.
基金资助:
三江源国家公园联合专项(LHZX-2021-03);国家自然科学基金(32071489);中国科学院战略生物资源计划(CAS-TAX-24-069);青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室2023年度奖励资金;青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室2023年度奖励资金和青海省“昆仑英才高端创新创业人才”项目

Fish diversity and distribution in the source region of the Yangtze River in Qinghai Province

Ma Wenjun¹^,²(), Liu Sijia¹^,²(), Li Kemao³, Jian Shenglong³, Xue Chang’an³, Han Qingxiango³, Wei Jinliang³, Chen Shengxue¹^,²(), Niu Yimeng¹^,², Cui Zhouping¹^,², Sui Ruichen¹^,², Tian Fei¹^,²^,^*()(), Zhao Kai¹^,²^,^*()()

1 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Key Laboratory of Plateau Aquatic Organisms and Ecological Environment in Qinghai Province, Qinghai Provincial Fishery Technology Extension Center, Xining 810012, China

Received:2024-11-11 Accepted:2025-02-13 Online:2025-02-20 Published:2025-02-20
Contact: *E-mail: zhaokai@nwipb.cas.cn; tianfei@nwipb.cas.cn.
Supported by:
Joint Foundation from Chinese Academy of Sciences-People’s Government of Qinghai Province on Sanjiangyuan National Park(LHZX-2021-03);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071489);Biological Resources Programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-069);Sino BON-Inland Water Fish Diversity Observation Network, Investigation and Integrity Evaluation of Aquatic Organisms in Sanjiangyuan National Park, the 2023 Award Fund of Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics;“Kunlun Talent” Project of Qinghai Province

1. 附录.pdf(323KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长江源区位于青藏高原腹地, 海拔普遍在4,500‒6,000 m之间, 是全球最重要的水源涵养区之一。本研究针对青藏高原长江青海流域鱼类多样性进行了系统调查与分析, 以了解该区域的鱼类资源现状及其面临的威胁。研究覆盖了长江源干流及长江主要支流, 包括长江源的通天河、沱沱河、楚玛尔河和当曲, 以及雅砻江源和大渡河源。2021‒2022年共设置调查样点43个, 记录到鱼类26种(亚种), 隶属于2目3科12属。与历史调查相比, 发现新分布鱼类7种, 其中土著鱼类4种, 外来鱼类3种。相对重要性指数分析显示, 长江源区的优势种为软刺裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis malacanthus)和小头高原鱼(Herzensteinia microcephalus)。α多样性指数显示通天河和大渡河的物种多样性较高, 而雅砻江的物种均匀度较低。相似性系数和主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)揭示了大渡河源与长江源、雅砻江源之间的物种组成差异明显, 反映了地理隔离对鱼类多样性的影响。环境因子同样影响鱼类物种分布, 典型相关分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)结果表明水温和海拔对鱼类分布有影响。空间自相关分析确定了鱼类分布状态为随机且轻微聚集, 分布热点分析发现通天河和大渡河支流存在鱼类分布热点。研究阐明了长江源区鱼类多样性的空间分布差异, 并提示需要根据不同流域鱼类物种分布特征进行保护。

关键词: 青海省, 长江源区, 鱼类多样性, 鱼类物种组成, 空间分布

Abstract

Aims: The study aims to investigate the fish composition and diversity patterns in the source region of the Yangtze River, one of the most critical water conservation zones worldwide.

Methods: Field surveys were conducted in the headwaters of the Yangtze River, including the Tuotuo, Chumaer, Dam Qu, Tongtian, and Dadu rivers in Qinghai Province from 2021 to 2022. Data on the presence and abundance of fish, as well as environmental factors, were collected during the surveys.

Results: A total of 26 species (and subspecies) were recorded in the field surveys, belonging to 12 genera, 3 families, and 2 orders. Analysis of the index of relative importance (IRI) revealed that Schizopygopsis malacanthus and Herzensteinia microcephalus were the dominant species. Seven species are newly recorded, including four native species and three non-native species. Alpha diversity indices showed higher species diversity in the Tongtian and Dadu rivers compared to other tributaries, while the Yalong River exhibited a more uneven species distribution. Similarity coefficient analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) indicated significant differences in species composition among tributaries, highlighting the influence of geographic isolation and ecological adaptation on fish diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed notable differences in fish community structures across different river systems, with water temperature and altitude identified as key determinant factors. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that the fish distribution patterns were random, with a slight tendency towards clustering. The Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified two hotspots in the Dadu and the Tongtian rivers.

Conclusion: This study provides updated information on the fish composition in headwaters of the Yangtze River and enhances our understanding of spatial variations in fish diversity in the region. These findings lay the foundation for scientific management and conservation of native fish in the source region of the Yangtze River.

Key words: Qinghai Province, the source region of the Yangtze River, fish diversity, fish species composition, spatial distribution

马文俊, 刘思嘉, 李柯懋, 简生龙, 薛长安, 韩庆祥, 魏金良, 陈生学, 牛依萌, 崔洲平, 隋瑞臣, 田菲, 赵凯 (2025) 青海省长江源区鱼类分布及多样性格局. 生物多样性, 33, 24494. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024494.

Ma Wenjun, Liu Sijia, Li Kemao, Jian Shenglong, Xue Chang’an, Han Qingxiango, Wei Jinliang, Chen Shengxue, Niu Yimeng, Cui Zhouping, Sui Ruichen, Tian Fei, Zhao Kai (2025) Fish diversity and distribution in the source region of the Yangtze River in Qinghai Province. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24494. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024494.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024494

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I2/24494

图/表 8

图1 青藏高原长江源区调查采样点示意图

Fig. 1 Sampling sites in the source region of the Yangtze River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

表1 长江源区(长江源、雅砻江源和大渡河源)鱼类相对重要性指数(IRI)

Table 1 Index of relative importance (IRI) of fish species in the source region of the Yangtze River

物种 Species	IRI IRI	优势度类型 Dominance type
软刺裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis malacanthus	1,012.50	优势种 Ds
小头高原鱼 Herzensteinia microcephalus	1,009.62	优势种 Ds
裸腹叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus kaznakovi	760.45	常见种 C
大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼 Schizopygopsis malacanthus chengi	496.91	常见种 C
细尾高原鳅 Triplophysa stenura	260.30	常见种 C
麻尔柯河高原鳅Triplophysa markehenensis	122.07	常见种 C
修长高原鳅 Triplophysa leptosoma	73.24	一般种 G
斯氏高原鳅 Triplophysa stoliczkae	66.78	一般种 G
长丝裂腹鱼 Schizothorax dolichonema	35.19	一般种 G
东方高原鳅 Triplophysa orientalis	26.93	一般种 G
小眼高原鳅 Triplophysa microps	15.08	一般种 G
短须裂腹鱼 Schizothorax wangchiachii	12.57	一般种 G
松潘裸鲤 Gymnocypris potanini	11.13	一般种 G
圆腹高原鳅 Triplophysa rotundiventris	5.03	偶见种 R
齐口裂腹鱼 Schizothorax prenanti	4.31	偶见种 R
似贝氏高原鳅 Triplophysa aff. bleekeri	3.23	偶见种 R
黄石爬鮡 Chimarrichthys kishinouyei	2.87	偶见种 R
鲫 Carassius auratus	2.51	偶见种 R
异尾高原鳅 Triplophysa stewarti	2.51	偶见种 R
重口裂腹鱼 Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi	2.15	偶见种 R
唐古拉高原鳅 Triplophysa tanggulaensis	1.44	偶见种 R
泥鳅 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus	1.08	偶见种 R
褚氏鮡 Pareuchiloglanis chui	0.72	偶见种 R
四川裂腹鱼 Schizothorax (Racoma) kozlovi	0.72	偶见种 R
厚唇裸重唇鱼 Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus	0.72	偶见种 R
大鳞副泥鳅 Paramisgurnus dabryanus	0.36	偶见种 R

图2 长江源区六大水系α多样性指数箱线图

Fig. 2 Boxplots of α diversity indices for each water system in the source region of the Yangtze River

表2 长江源区(长江源、雅砻江源和大渡河源)各水系Jaccard相似性系数矩阵

Table 2 Jaccard similarity coefficient matrix among tributaries of the source region of the Yangtze River

河流 River	楚玛尔河 Chumaer	沱沱河 Tuotuo	大渡河 Dadu	雅砻江 Yalong	当曲 Dam Qu
通天河 Tongtian	0.22	0.16	0.12	0.10	0.18
楚玛尔河Chumaer		0.25	0.14	0.11	0.60
沱沱河 Tuotuo			0.14	0.25	0.33
大渡河 Dadu				0.14	0.08
雅砻江 Yalong					0.00

图3 长江源区各水系鱼类群落主坐标分析图。图中不同颜色的点代表不同水系的鱼类群落，通过点的分布观察不同水系间群落结构的差异。

Fig. 3 Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of fish communities in each water system of the Yangtze River source region. Points in different colors represent fish communities from different water systems. The distribution of points illustrates the community structure differences among water systems.

图4 长江源区各水系鱼类群落典范对应分析图。不同颜色的点代表不同水系的鱼类群落，环境因子代表的箭头长度越长，对鱼类群落影响越大，点越靠近代表的环境因子箭头，此环境因子对该点鱼类影响越大。

Fig. 4 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of fish communities in each water system of the Yangtze River source region. Points in different colors represent fish communities from different water systems. The length of the environmental factor arrows indicates the magnitude of their influence on fish communities. Points closer to an arrow indicate a stronger influence of that environmental factor on the corresponding fish community.

图5 长江源区鱼类空间自相关及分布热点分析图

Fig. 5 Spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis of fish abundance in the source region of the Yangtze River

图6 长江源区鱼类丰度不同海拔分布图

Fig. 6 Elevational distribution of fish abundance in the source region of the Yangtze River

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青海省长江源区鱼类分布及多样性格局

Fish diversity and distribution in the source region of the Yangtze River in Qinghai Province

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