关帝山不同海拔昆虫功能群特征及分布格局

doi:10.17520/biods.2023152

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (10): 23152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023152

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

关帝山不同海拔昆虫功能群特征及分布格局

高瑞贺¹^,²^,^*(), 范世明¹^,², 董江海¹^,², 李蓉姣¹^,², 张志伟¹^,²

1.山西农业大学林学院, 山西晋中 030800
2.山西省林业危险性有害生物检验鉴定中心, 山西晋中 030800

收稿日期:2023-05-15 接受日期:2023-07-03 出版日期:2023-10-20 发布日期:2023-11-23
通讯作者: *E-mail: gaoruihe1989@163.com
基金资助:
山西省应用基础研究计划青年科技研究基金(20210302124062);山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2023-087);山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2021L128);山西农业大学科技创新基金(2017YJ20)

Characteristics and vertical distribution of insect functional groups along an altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains

Ruihe Gao¹^,²^,^*(), Shiming Fan¹^,², Jianghai Dong¹^,², Rongjiao Li¹^,², Zhiwei Zhang¹^,²

1. College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030800
2. Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030800

Received:2023-05-15 Accepted:2023-07-03 Online:2023-10-20 Published:2023-11-23
Contact: *E-mail: gaoruihe1989@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明关帝山垂直海拔梯度上昆虫功能群变化特征及环境因子对其空间分布格局的影响, 本研究在关帝山林区海拔1,600-2,800 m范围内设置7个样地, 于2020年和2021年的7-8月采用扫网法和陷阱法采集昆虫标本, 通过单因素方差分析比较不同海拔昆虫群落多样性和功能群特征差异, 利用三维主成分分析和Jaccard相似性系数比较不同海拔昆虫功能群相似性, 运用Pearson相关系数分析和冗余分析以明确环境因素对昆虫群落功能群垂直分布格局的影响。研究结果表明: 在关帝山不同海拔样地中共调查到9,321头昆虫, 隶属11目89科198种, 不同功能群种群的数量在海拔梯度上具有明显的分化特征; 海拔梯度亦可显著导致昆虫群落物种多样性分化, 这种差异性可能源于海拔引起的生境异质性; 不同海拔样地间昆虫群落Jaccard相似性系数为0.13-0.41, 均表现为极不相似或中等不相似; 此外, 本研究选取的19个环境因子均会影响昆虫功能群的空间分布, 其中环境温度和土壤P/N (速效磷与速效氮的比值)是决定昆虫功能群空间分布格局的最重要环境因子。本研究结果可为关帝山昆虫群落及功能群的监测和保护提供理论依据。

关键词: 关帝山, 海拔梯度, 昆虫功能群, 垂直分布格局

Abstract

Aims: The study aimed to clarify the variation characteristics of insect functional groups and the effects of environmental factors on their spatial distribution patterns along the altitude gradient of Guandi Mountains.

Methods: Seven typical plots with varying altitude ranging from 1,600 m to 2,800 m were established across Guandi Mountains. Insect communities across different altitude gradient were selected as the research objects. Insect specimens were collected between July and August in both 2020 and 2021 using sweeping net method and pitfall traps. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in insect species diversity and functional groups at different altitudes. Three-dimensional principal component analysis and Jaccard similarity index were applied to assess the similarity of insect functional groups at different altitudes. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and redundancy analysis were used to clarify the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution patterns of insect community functional groups.

Results: The results revealed a total of 9,321 insects, encompassing 11 orders, 89 families, and 198 species, across the altitudinal gradient of Guandi Mountains. The insect functional groups showed obvious differentiation characteristics along the altitude gradient. The altitudinal gradient can also significantly contribute to the differentiation in insect diversity, potentially due to the habitat heterogeneity includes communities across plots at different altitudes ranged from 0.13 to 0.41, indicating varying degrees of dissimilarity. Furthermore, all the 19 environmental factors selected in this study exhibited an effect on the spatial distribution of insect functional groups, with environmental temperature and soil P/N ratio emerging as the most important factors.

Conclusion: The diversity of insect communities and their functional groups distinctly vary along the altitude gradient. Notably, environmental temperature and soil P/N are the most important environmental factors dictating the spatial distribution pattern of insect functional groups.

Key words: Guandi Mountains, altitude gradient, insect functional groups, vertical distribution pattern

高瑞贺, 范世明, 董江海, 李蓉姣, 张志伟 (2023) 关帝山不同海拔昆虫功能群特征及分布格局. 生物多样性, 31, 23152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023152.

Ruihe Gao, Shiming Fan, Jianghai Dong, Rongjiao Li, Zhiwei Zhang (2023) Characteristics and vertical distribution of insect functional groups along an altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023152.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023152

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I10/23152

图/表 10

图1 关帝山不同海拔典型群落

Fig. 1 Typical communities along the altitude gradient in the Guandi Mountains

表1 关帝山不同海拔典型群落林分特征

Table 1 Stand characteristics of typical communities along the gradient in the Guandi Mountains

海拔 Altitude (m)	优势植物 Dominant plants	坡度 Slope	植被盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	乔木密度 Tree density (tree/ha)	乔木胸径 Mean DBH(cm)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)
1,600	辽东栎 Quercus liaotungensis	26.16° ± 1.41°	82.67 ± 2.52	1,058.33 ± 101.04	9.36 ± 2.00	9.12 ± 2.55
1,800	油松 Pinus tabuliformis	21.25° ± 2.02°	81.67 ± 10.12	741.67 ± 128.29	17.44 ± 0.65	13.67 ± 2.43
2,000	山杨、白桦 Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla	12.93° ± 5.20°	73.50 ± 2.12	516.67 ± 14.43	17.15 ± 3.57	12.62 ± 1.55
2,200	云杉 Picea asperata	18.62° ± 6.25°	82.33 ± 4.04	816.67 ± 80.36	16.98 ± 2.73	14.89 ± 1.80
2,400	华北落叶松、云杉 Larix principis-rupprechtii, Picea asperata	23.33° ± 4.16°	77.67 ± 2.08	483.33 ± 38.19	30.82 ± 4.95	18.31 ± 3.00
2,600	华北落叶松 Larix principis-rupprechtii	26.36° ± 6.53°	76.33 ± 1.53	491.67 ± 87.80	25.38 ± 2.46	16.54 ± 2.78
2,800	亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	17.16° ± 3.28°	92.67 ± 1.56

表2 关帝山不同海拔梯度昆虫功能群结构特征

Table 2 Structural characteristics of insect functional groups at different altitudes in Guandi Mountains

海拔 Altitude (m)	植食性昆虫 Herbivorous insects				肉食性昆虫 Sarcophagous insects				腐食性类群 Saprophagous insects				杂食性昆虫 Omnivorous insects
海拔 Altitude (m)	N_S	R_s	N_i	R_i	N_S	R_s	N_i	R_i	N_S	R_s	N_i	R_i	N_S	R_s	N_i	R_i
1,600	22	21.78	367	13.65	27	46.55	606	27.82	11	47.83	399	26.72	10	62.50	425	14.36
1,800	11	10.89	229	8.52	12	20.69	336	15.43	8	34.78	255	17.08	9	56.25	610	20.62
2,000	11	10.89	130	4.83	21	36.21	372	17.08	7	30.43	288	19.29	9	56.25	735	24.84
2,200	16	15.84	447	16.62	15	25.86	273	12.53	8	34.78	209	14.00	4	25.00	277	9.36
2,400	13	12.87	206	7.66	11	18.97	202	9.27	7	30.43	144	9.65	5	31.25	487	16.46
2,600	18	17.82	308	11.45	13	22.41	208	9.55	5	21.74	135	9.04	9	56.25	193	6.52
2,800	83	82.18	1,004	37.34	27	46.55	181	8.31	12	52.17	63	4.22	6	37.50	232	7.84
总计 Total	101		2,691	100	58		2,178	100	23		1,493	100	16		2,959	100

图2 关帝山不同海拔梯度昆虫功能群结构特征热图

Fig. 2 Heat map of insect functional group structure along the altitudinal gradient in the Guandi Mountains

图3 关帝山不同海拔样地昆虫群落多样性差异分析

Fig. 3 Insect community diversity along an altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains

图4 关帝山昆虫功能群种群数量沿海拔梯度的三维主成分分析

Fig. 4 Three dimensions principal component analysis of insect functional group populations along the altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains

表3 关帝山不同海拔梯度昆虫群落Jaccard相似性系数

Table 3 Jaccard similarity index of insect community along the altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains

海拔 Altitude (m)	1,800	2,000	2,200	2,400	2,600	2,800
1,600	0.34	0.31	0.35	0.38	0.37	0.14
1,800		0.29	0.41	0.29	0.39	0.16
2,000			0.28	0.29	0.26	0.14
2,200				0.27	0.38	0.17
2,400					0.35	0.13
2,600						0.18

图5 关帝山不同海拔梯度生境昆虫功能群与环境因子的Pearson相关性热图。T: 温度; RH: 相对湿度; pH: 土壤pH; EC: 土壤电导率; AN: 土壤速效氮; AP: 土壤速效磷; AK: 土壤速效钾; P/N: 速效磷与速效氮的比值; N/K: 速效氮与速效钾的比值; P/K: 速效磷与速效钾的比值; BD: 土壤容重; MWHC: 土壤最大持水量; CWHC: 土壤毛管持水量; NP: 土壤非毛管孔隙度; CP: 土壤毛管孔隙度; TSP: 土壤总孔隙度。右侧刻度条中的数值表示Pearson相关系数; 红色椭圆表示正相关, 蓝色椭圆表示负相关, 颜色越深表示相关性越强。* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01。

Fig. 5 Heat map of Pearson correlation coefficients between insect functional groups and environmental factors in the Guandi Mountains. The values in the scale bar represents the correlation coefficients. T, Temperature; RH, Relative humidity; pH, Soil pH; EC, Electrical conductivity; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; P/N, The ratio of AP to AN; N/K, The ration of AN to AK; P/K, The ratio of AP to AK. BD, Bulk density; MWHC, Maximum water holding capacity; CWHC, Capillary water holding capacity; NP, Non-capillary porosity; CP, Capillary porosity; TSP, Total soil porosity. The color of the circle indicates the direction of the correlation, where red indicates positive correlation and blue indicates negative correlation, and the darker the color indicates stronger correlation. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.

图6 关帝山不同海拔梯度生境昆虫功能群与环境因子的冗余分析(RDA)。Herbivorous: 植食性昆虫; Sarcophagous: 肉食性昆虫; Saprophagous: 腐食性昆虫; Omnivorous: 杂食性昆虫; T: 温度; RH: 相对湿度; pH: 土壤pH; EC: 土壤电导率; AN: 土壤速效氮; AP: 土壤速效磷; AK: 土壤速效钾; P/N: 速效磷与速效氮的比值; N/K: 速效氮与速效钾的比值; P/K: 速效磷与速效钾的比值; BD: 土壤容重; MWHC: 土壤最大持水量; CWHC: 土壤毛管持水量; NP: 土壤非毛管孔隙度; CP: 土壤毛管孔隙度; TSP: 土壤总孔隙度。

Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis of insect functional groups and environmental factors along the altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains. T, Temperature; RH, Relative humidity; pH, Soil pH; EC, Electrical conductivity; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; P/N, The ratio of AP to AN; N/K, The ration of AN to AK; P/K, The ratio of AP to AK; BD, Bulk density; MWHC, Maximum water holding capacity; CWHC, Capillary water holding capacity; NP, Non-capillary porosity; CP, Capillary porosity; TSP, Total soil porosity.

表4 环境因子在RDA轴上得分及其对昆虫功能群分布的影响

Table 4 The score of environmental factors on the RDA axis and their effects on the distribution of insect functional groups

环境变量 Variables	RDA 1得分 RDA 1 score	RDA 2得分 RDA 2 score	R²	P
温度 Temperature (T)	0.17	0.66	0.329^*	0.028
相对湿度 Relative humidity (RH)	-0.30	-0.35	0.173	0.176
土壤pH Soil pH	0.38	-0.06	0.119	0.316
电导率 Electric conductivity (EC)	-0.17	-0.13	0.039	0.694
速效氮 Available nitrogen (AN)	-0.25	-0.05	0.055	0.589
速效磷 Available phosphorus (AP)	-0.18	-0.09	0.033	0.731
速效钾 Available potassium (AK)	-0.20	-0.10	0.043	0.666
速效磷与速效氮的比值 The ratio of AP to AN (P/N)	-0.61	0.21	0.320^*	0.038
速效氮与速效钾的比值 The ratio of AN to AK (N/K)	-0.12	0.23	0.044	0.648
速效磷与速效钾的比值 The ratio of AP to AK (P/K)	0.18	0.18	0.053	0.617
土壤容重 Soil bulk density (BD)	-0.08	0.39	0.106	0.357
土壤最大持水量 Soil maximum water holding capacity (MWHC)	0.09	-0.14	0.019	0.86
土壤毛管持水量 Soil capillary water holding capacity (CWHC)	0.09	-0.16	0.022	0.844
土壤非毛管孔隙度 Soil noncapillary porosity (NP)	0.05	0.07	0.007	0.964
土壤毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity (CP)	0.07	-0.21	0.032	0.76
土壤总孔隙度 Total soil porosity (TSP)	0.08	-0.19	0.027	0.792

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关帝山不同海拔昆虫功能群特征及分布格局

Characteristics and vertical distribution of insect functional groups along an altitude gradient in Guandi Mountains

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