基于红外相机监测的广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性及其垂直分布特征

doi:10.17520/biods.2022689

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8): 22689. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022689

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

基于红外相机监测的广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性及其垂直分布特征

刘志发¹, 王新财², 龚粤宁¹, 陈道剑², 张强²^,^*()

1.广东南岭国家级自然保护区, 广东乳源 512727
2.广东省科学院动物研究所, 广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室, 广州 510260

收稿日期:2022-12-17 接受日期:2023-05-08 出版日期:2023-08-20 发布日期:2023-08-14
通讯作者: *E-mail: zhangqiang06@giz.gd.cn
基金资助:
科技基础资源调查专项(2022FY100500);广东省林业局国家重点保护野生动物常规监测试点项目(2022-2023);广东省林业科技创新项目(2023KJCX029);广东南岭国家级自然保护区生态保护工程黄腹角雉监测及栖息地保护项目(YT2020SG012);广东省科学院科技发展专项(20200103095);广东省科学院建设国内一流研究机构行动专项资金项目(2020GDASYL-20200103098);广东省科学院建设国内一流研究机构行动专项资金项目(2020GDASYL-20200103095)

Diversity and elevational distribution of birds and mammals based on infrared camera monitoring in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve

Zhifa Liu¹, Xincai Wang², Yuening Gong¹, Daojian Chen², Qiang Zhang²^,^*()

1. Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan, Guangdong 512727
2. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260

Received:2022-12-17 Accepted:2023-05-08 Online:2023-08-20 Published:2023-08-14
Contact: *E-mail: zhangqiang06@giz.gd.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物多样性的海拔格局一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的核心问题之一。本研究利用红外相机对广东南岭国家级自然保护区完整垂直带的兽类和鸟类开展连续10年的野外监测, 分析了保护区当前鸟兽多样性及受胁情况, 并通过整合水平与垂直分布的多样性格局开展热点与空缺分析。2012-2021年间共设置了116个红外相机点位, 相机累计拍摄85,164个工作日, 获得可识别独立有效照片21,194张, 共记录到兽类24种, 鸟类50种。兽类受威胁物种比例较高, 为45.83%。相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)最高的5种兽类为赤麂(Muntiacus vaginalis)、小麂(M. reevesi)、红腿长吻松鼠(Dremomys pyrrhomerus)、鼬獾(Melogale moschata)和藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana); 而红颊獴(Herpestes javanicus)和水鹿(Rusa unicolor) RAI最低, 仅各拍摄到1次。RAI最高的4种鸟类是白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)、黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)和白眉山鹧鸪(Arborophila gingica), 有42种鸟类的RAI指数小于1, 主要来自雀形目、鴷形目和鸮形目。广义加性模型结果表明, 兽类和鸟类的物种丰富度与海拔显著相关, 呈典型的“中峰格局”, 中海拔(1,000-1,400 m)物种丰富度较高。β多样性分析表明低海拔和高海拔与其他海拔段之间的分类相异性最高, 中海拔段之间的相异性相对较小。热点与空缺分析表明, 广东南岭国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类主要集中分布在3个热点地区, 且全部分布于中高海拔; 同时部分区域具有较高的鸟兽多样性, 但并未包含在保护区范围内。总体看来, 当下广东南岭国家级自然保护区野生动物仍面临较为严峻的保护压力。在南岭国家公园建设大背景下, 我们建议当地管理部门: (1)以物种为单元, 针对重点物种制定保护管理政策, 特别是大中型兽类; (2)充分重视保护区中高海拔地段的生境管理, 维持区内完整的气候与生物垂直带谱; (3)建立多营养级生物多样性监测网络, 关注人为干扰、环境因子、功能特征、种间互作网络和进化历史等综合因素对野生动物分布格局的长期影响。

关键词: 物种丰富度, 海拔梯度, 分布格局, 生态位模型

Abstract

Aims: The relationship between the elevation and biodiversity has long been one of the central issues in ecology, biogeography and conservation biology. This study investigate the diversity of birds and mammals and their elevational distribution, based on infrared camera monitoring in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve, China.
Methods: We utilized infrared cameras to monitor the mammals and birds across the entire elevation of the Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve for 10 consecutive years. In addition, we also analyzed the current diversity and conservation status of birds and mammals. By combining both horizontal and vertical distribution patterns, we conducted hotspot and vacancy analysis to assess the diversity patterns of birds and mammals.
Results: Between 2012 and 2021, a total of 116 camera sites were deployed, capturing 85,164 days of work, and obtaining 21,194 identifiable independent and valid photos. Over this period, 24 mammal species and 50 bird species were recorded, with a relatively high proportion of threatened mammals at 45.83%. The top five mammals with the highest relative abundance index (RAI) were Muntiacus vaginalis, M. reevesi, Dremomys pyrrhomerus, Melogale moschata, and Macaca thibetana. However, Herpestes javanicus and Rusa unicolor were only recorded once and have the lowest RAI. The top four birds with the highest RAI were Lophura nycthemera, Myophonus caeruleus, Tragopan caboti and Arborophila gingica. Forty-two bird species had RAI less than 1, mainly belonging to Passeriformes, Piciformes and Strigiformes. The generalized additive model showed that the richness of mammals and birds were significantly related to elevation, displaying a typical “single-peak pattern” with a significantly high species richness at mid-elevation (around 1,000-1,400 m). Beta diversity analysis showed that the classification differences between the low and high elevational range and other sites were the highest, while the differences between the middle elevational sites were relatively small. Hotspot and vacancy analysis, integrating horizontal and vertical distributions, revealed that the mammals and birds in the reserve were mainly concentrated in three hotspots, distributed in the middle and high elevation. In addition, it was observed that certain areas outside of the reserve also exhibited a high diversity of birds and mammals. In conclusion, wildlife within the reserve continues to face severe protection pressure.
Conclusion: Regarding the construction of Nanling National Park, we suggest that the local management organization should: (1) Formulating conservation and management policies for key protected species in the future, especially for large and medium-sized mammals. (2) Focusing on the habitat management in the middle and high elevational areas, and maintain the complete climate and biological vertical zone in the reserve. (3) Establishing a multitrophic biodiversity monitoring system, which emphasis the effect of comprehensive factors on wildlife, such as human disturbance, environmental factors, functional traits, species interaction networks, and evolution history.

Key words: species richness, elevational gradient, distribution pattern, niche model

刘志发, 王新财, 龚粤宁, 陈道剑, 张强 (2023) 基于红外相机监测的广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性及其垂直分布特征. 生物多样性, 31, 22689. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022689.

Zhifa Liu, Xincai Wang, Yuening Gong, Daojian Chen, Qiang Zhang (2023) Diversity and elevational distribution of birds and mammals based on infrared camera monitoring in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22689. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022689.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022689

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I8/22689

图/表 6

图1 广东南岭国家级自然保护区的红外相机布设位点

Fig. 1 Infrared camera deployment sites in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve, China

图2 广义加性模型拟合的物种丰富度和Chao 1物种丰富度估计值与海拔梯度的关系, 包括全部物种(a, d)、兽类(b, e)和鸟类(c, f)

Fig. 2 The simulated relationship between species richness and Chao 1 estimator by generalized additive models, including all species (a, d), mammals (b, e) and birds (c, f)

表1 全海拔段总体Bray-Curtis相异性指数及其组分、总体Jaccard相异性指数及其组分。βmBC: Bray-Curtis相异性指数; βmbal: 多度平衡变化; βmgra: 多度梯度; βmJac: Jaccard相异性指数; βmtu: 物种替换; βmne: 物种嵌套。

Table 1 The multi-site Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard dissimilarity, and their components between pairs of elevation ranges. βmBC, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity; βmbal, Balanced changes in species abundance; βmgra, Abundance gradients; βmJac, Jaccard dissimilarity; βmtu, Species turnover; βmne, Species nestedness.

指数 Indices	全部物种 All species	兽类 Mammals	鸟类 Birds
β_mBC	0.81	0.80	0.83
β_mbal	0.66	0.53	0.71
β_mgra	0.15	0.27	0.12
β_mJac	0.84	0.81	0.86
β_mtu	0.63	0.38	0.70
β_mne	0.21	0.43	0.15

表2 成对海拔段之间Bray-Curtis相异性指数及其组分、Jaccard相异性指数及其组分的平均值和标准偏差。βpBC: Bray-Curtis相异性指数; βpbal: 多度平衡变化; βpgra: 多度梯度; Rgra/BC: βpgra对βpBC的比值; βpJac: Jaccard相异性指数; βptu: 物种替换; βpne: 物种嵌套; Rne/Jac: βpne对βpJac的比值。

Table 2 The mean and standard deviation values of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard dissimilarity, and their components between pairs of elevation ranges. βpBC, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity; βpbal, Balanced changes in species abundances; βpgra, Abundance gradients; Rgra/BC, Ratio of βpgra and βpBC; βpJac, Jaccard dissimilarity; βptu, Species turnover; βpne, Species nestedness; Rne/Jac, Ratio of βpne and βpJac.

指数 Indices	全部物种 All species	兽类 Mammals	鸟类 Birds
β_pBC	0.52 ± 0.20	0.54 ± 0.25	0.52 ± 0.16
β_pbal	0.35 ± 0.20	0.25 ± 0.19	0.35 ± 0.21
β_pgra	0.17 ± 0.11	0.29 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.13
R_gra/BC	0.34 ± 0.23	0.50 ± 0.29	0.34 ± 0.27
β_pJac	0.52 ± 0.13	0.45 ± 0.22	0.56 ± 0.11
β_ptu	0.25 ± 0.16	0.10 ± 0.14	0.32 ± 0.19
β_pne	0.27 ± 0.20	0.36 ± 0.26	0.24 ± 0.19
R_ne/Jac	0.49 ± 0.31	0.75 ± 0.32	0.43 ± 0.30

图3 成对海拔段之间Bray-Curtis相异性指数及其组分、Jaccard相异性指数及其组分的热力图。βpBC: Bray-Curtis相异性指数; βpbal: 多度平衡变化; βpgra: 多度梯度; Rgra/BC: βpgra对βpBC的比值。βpJac: Jaccard相异性指数; βptu: 物种替换; βpne: 物种嵌套; Rne/Jac: βpne对βpJac的比值。

Fig. 3 The heat maps of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and its components and Jaccard dissimilarity and its components between pairs of elevation ranges. βpBC, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity; βpbal, Balanced changes in species abundances; βpgra, Abundance gradients; Rgra/BC, Ratio of βpgra and βpBC; βpJac, Jaccard dissimilarity; βptu, Species turnover; βpne, Species nestedness; Rne/Jac, Ratio of βpne and βpJac.

图4 基于MaxEnt模型预测的广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性分布格局

Fig. 4 Diversity distribution pattern of birds and mammals predicted by MaxEnt models in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve

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基于红外相机监测的广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性及其垂直分布特征

Diversity and elevational distribution of birds and mammals based on infrared camera monitoring in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve

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