昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性格局及其驱动因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2023406

生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4): 23406. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023406 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2023406

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性格局及其驱动因素

李斌¹^,²^,³(), 宋鹏飞¹^,²^,³, 顾海峰¹^,³, 徐波¹^,²^,³, 刘道鑫⁴, 江峰¹^,³, 梁程博¹^,²^,³, 张萌¹^,²^,³, 高红梅¹^,³, 蔡振媛¹^,³^,^*()(), 张同作¹^,³^,^*()()

1.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所高原生物适应与进化重点实验室, 西宁 810001
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室, 西宁 810001
4.青海大学农牧学院, 西宁 810001

收稿日期:2023-10-24 接受日期:2024-02-13 出版日期:2024-04-20 发布日期:2024-04-17
通讯作者: * E-mail: caizhenyuan@nwipb.cas.cn;zhangtz@nwipb.cas.cn
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察(2019QZKK0501)

Bird community diversity patterns and their drivers in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains

Bin Li¹^,²^,³(), Pengfei Song¹^,²^,³, Haifeng Gu¹^,³, Bo Xu¹^,²^,³, Daoxin Liu⁴, Feng Jiang¹^,³, Chengbo Liang¹^,²^,³, Meng Zhang¹^,²^,³, Hongmei Gao¹^,³, Zhenyuan Cai¹^,³^,^*()(), Tongzuo Zhang¹^,³^,^*()()

1 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001
4 College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810001

Received:2023-10-24 Accepted:2024-02-13 Online:2024-04-20 Published:2024-04-17
Contact: * E-mail: caizhenyuan@nwipb.cas.cn;zhangtz@nwipb.cas.cn

1. 附录.pdf(3478KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

昆仑山脉独特的地理位置和气候条件孕育了诸多适应高海拔、寒旱气候的特有鸟类物种。为揭示昆仑山青海片区内鸟类群落在不同季节和海拔梯度的多样性分布格局及环境驱动因素, 我们于2021年12月(冬季)和2022年7月(夏季)在当地选取102个样方, 通过样线法对鸟类多样性进行了本底调查, 并选取了不同的气候和人为干扰因子拟合多样性指数与因子之间的非线性关系。结果表明: (1)昆仑山青海片区野外调查过程中共记录到鸟类14目31科59属87种, 其中国家一级重点保护野生鸟类5种, 国家二级重点保护野生鸟类11种, 该地区新分布鸟类8种; (2)鸟类群落多样性分布格局分析结果显示, 夏季多样性显著高于冬季, 草甸和草原生境的鸟类群落多样性显著高于其他生境, 冬夏季鸟类群落多样性指数与海拔梯度变化趋势均呈单峰型; (3)气候因素驱动鸟类多样性指数呈现季节性差异, 最冷季度降水量对夏季物种丰富度指数影响最大, 冬季为年降水量; 此外, 等温性和温度季节性对冬夏季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数影响最大。本研究揭示了水资源和稳定的气候对昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性的重要性, 为昆仑山青海片区鸟类资源保护与管理以及未来国家公园的规划建设提供了数据支持。

关键词: 昆仑山, 鸟类群落多样性, 海拔梯度

Abstract

Aims: Kunlun Mountains is a crucial part of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau that presents a challenging environment for wildlife surveys and community research due to its high-elevation, cold, and hypoxic environment. This study aims to reveal patterns of avian community diversity across different regions, and their drivers.

Method: Surveys were conducted on wild birds within the Qinghai region of the Kunlun Mountains in the December 2021 and July 2022 using the line transects method. A total of 102 grids, each measuring 10 km × 10 km, with different altitudinal gradients and habitat types were investigated. Bird community diversity across different regions was calculated using R software. Subsequently, environmental variables were extracted using ArcGIS software, and a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to fit the potential non-linear relationships between diversity indices and various variables.

Results: A total of 87 bird species representing 14 orders, 31 families, and 59 genera were recorded. Among these, 5 species were classified as first-class national protected wildlife, 11 species were classified as second-class national protected wildlife, and 8 species were identified as local new distributions. The analysis of distribution patterns demonstrated higher avian community diversity during summer compared to winter, with grassland and meadow habitats showing significantly greater diversity than other habitats. Furthermore, bird community diversity during both winter and summer exhibited similar single peak patterns along the altitudinal gradient. Climate variables revealed seasonal differences in bird diversity, with precipitation of coldest quarter significantly impacting richness during summer and annual precipitation during winter. Additionally, isothermality and temperature seasonality had the most substantial impact on the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices in both winter and summer. These findings underscored the significance of water resources and stable climatic conditions on bird community diversity in the Qinghai region of the Kunlun Mountains.

Conclusion: This study provides a scientific foundation for the conservation of the bird resources in the Kunlun Mountains, and offers crucial data for the planning and establishment of national park in future.

Key words: Kunlun Mountains, bird community diversity, elevation gradient

李斌, 宋鹏飞, 顾海峰, 徐波, 刘道鑫, 江峰, 梁程博, 张萌, 高红梅, 蔡振媛, 张同作 (2024) 昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性格局及其驱动因素. 生物多样性, 32, 23406. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023406.

Bin Li, Pengfei Song, Haifeng Gu, Bo Xu, Daoxin Liu, Feng Jiang, Chengbo Liang, Meng Zhang, Hongmei Gao, Zhenyuan Cai, Tongzuo Zhang (2024) Bird community diversity patterns and their drivers in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23406. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023406.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023406

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I4/23406

图/表 6

图1 昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性调查样方分布图

Fig. 1 Survey grids of bird community diversity in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains. Summer grids were surveyed exclusively during the summer season. Winter grids were surveyed exclusively during the winter season. Both season grids were surveyed during both the winter and summer.

表1 昆仑山青海片区不同海拔植被类型中调查样方占有效样方比例(%)

Table 1 Proportion of surveyed to effective grid across vegetation types at different elevation gradients in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains (%)

海拔梯度 Elevation gradient	草甸 Meadow	草原 Grassland	高山植被 Alpine	荒漠 Desert	其他植被 Other	总计 Total
3,000-3,500 m	0	50.0	0	27.8	11.5	19.6
3,500-4,000 m	16.7	31.3	0	21.2	7.7	22.3
4,000-4,500 m	19.6	30.3	0	22.6	11.8	24.0
4,500-5,000 m	3.8	13.6	20.0	0	10.5	8.7
> 5,000 m	0	0	0	0	8.3	4.5
总计 Total	10.5	24.5	11.8	61.7	10.3	17.7

图2 昆仑山青海片区鸟类调查物种累积曲线

Fig. 2 Species accumulation curves of bird surveys in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains

图3 昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落不同季节(a-c)、不同海拔区间(d-f)、不同生境(g-i)的多样性分布格局。组间差异显著性采用秩和检验方法。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; ns: P > 0.05。

Fig. 3 Bird community diversity distribution pattern of different season (a-c), different elevation (d-f), and different habitat (g-i) in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains. The significance of intergroup differences was assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05.

图4 广义加性模型的调整后决定系数R²评估每个变量对不同季节鸟类群落多样性的重要性。bio1: 年平均气温; bio2: 平均气温日较差; bio3: 等温性; bio4: 温度季节性; bio5: 最热月份最高温度; bio6: 最冷月份最低温度; bio7: 气温年较差; bio8: 最湿季度平均温度; bio9: 最干季度平均温度; bio10: 最暖季度平均温度; bio11: 最冷季度平均温度; bio12: 年降水量; bio13: 最湿月份降水量; bio14: 最干月份降水量; bio15: 降水量季节性变化; bio16: 最湿季度降水量; bio17: 最干季度降水量; bio18: 最暖季度降水量; bio19: 最冷季度降水量; precs: 夏季平均降水量; precw: 冬季平均降水量; tavgs: 夏季平均温度; tavgw: 冬季平均温度; GDP: 国内生产总值; pop: 人口密度。

Fig. 4 The importance of variables for the bird community diversity across seasons was assessed using GAM models based on adjusted R² (coefficient of determination). bio1, Annual mean temperature; bio2, Mean diurnal range; bio3, Isothermality; bio4, Temperature seasonality; bio5, Max temperature of warmest month; bio6, Min temperature of coldest month; bio7, Temperature annual range; bio8, Mean temperature of wettest quarter; bio9, Mean temperature of driest quarter; bio10, Mean temperature of warmest quarter; bio11, Mean temperature of coldest quarter; bio12, Annual precipitation; bio13, Precipitation of wettest month; bio14, Precipitation of driest month; bio15, Precipitation seasonality; bio16, Precipitation of wettest quarter; bio17, Precipitation of driest quarter; bio18, Precipitation of warmest quarter; bio19, Precipitation of coldest quarter; precs, Average precipitation of summer; precw, Average precipitation of winter; tavgs, Average temperature of summer; tavgw, Average temperature of winter; GDP, Gross domestic product; pop, Population density.

图5 解释度最高环境因子对昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落不同季节多样性指数的非线性影响。 (a-c): 夏季鸟类群落多样性的潜在非线性关系。(d-f): 冬季鸟类群落多样性的潜在非线性关系。P值为各预测变量的显著性检验结果。

Fig. 5 The nonlinear impact of environmental factors with the highest explanatory power on bird community diversity in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains across different seasons. (a-c): Summer bird community diversity; (d-f): Winter bird community diversity. P values represent the significance test results for each predictor variable.

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昆仑山青海片区鸟类群落多样性格局及其驱动因素

Bird community diversity patterns and their drivers in the Qinghai region of Kunlun Mountains

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