东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿活动节律及其对道路的响应

doi:10.17520/biods.2024178

生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 24178. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024178 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024178

东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿活动节律及其对道路的响应

麦晓烔¹^,²^,³(), 康佳¹^,²^,³, 李梓琛¹^,²^,³, 王天明¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

1.东北虎豹国家公园保护生态学国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100875
2.生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室, 北京 100875
3.北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875

收稿日期:2024-05-10 接受日期:2024-07-22 出版日期:2024-11-20 发布日期:2024-09-26
通讯作者: *E-mail: wangtianming@bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32171654);科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100700)

Assessing activity pattern of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and their response to roads in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park

Xiaotong Mai¹^,²^,³(), Jia Kang¹^,²^,³, Zichen Li¹^,²^,³, Tianming Wang¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

1. National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard, Beijing 100875, China
2. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, Beijing 100875, China
3. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Received:2024-05-10 Accepted:2024-07-22 Online:2024-11-20 Published:2024-09-26
Contact: *E-mail: wangtianming@bnu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171654);National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Program of China(2021FY100700)

1. 附录.pdf(782KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

活动节律是动物应对种间竞争、捕食风险和环境条件变化的重要适应性特征, 探究野生动物的日活动节律特征, 对于深入理解物种的生存策略及其对人类干扰的行为响应至关重要。本研究于2021年4月至2022年3月, 在东北虎豹国家公园利用红外相机陷阱技术沿道路近处和远处获取了41对相机位点的梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)的9,825次活动数据, 采用核密度估计等方法评价了性别、年龄、繁殖状态以及季节变化、道路干扰等因素对梅花鹿日活动节律和活动水平的影响。研究结果表明, 在年尺度上, 6月和10月是梅花鹿种群的活动高峰; 在日尺度上, 梅花鹿的活动节律具有可塑性, 春、夏季以晨昏活动为主, 秋季为夜行型, 冬季转变为昼行型并呈现最低的活动水平。不同性别和不同繁殖状态的梅花鹿日活动节律之间也存在显著差异, 未成年类群活动节律为昼行型, 而成年梅花鹿种群活动呈现晨昏型特征, 所有类群中仅成年雄性夜间活动概率增加。梅花鹿对道路的响应在人类干扰最强的秋季尤为明显, 在道路近处活动水平显著下降, 在清晨活动水平增加, 减少了黄昏和夜间的活动水平。不同类群梅花鹿对道路的响应具有相对一致的模式, 即核心活动集中在一个相对较短的时间窗口, 从而在最大化食物摄入的同时减少暴露在道路附近的风险。我们的结果和方法为野生动物管理提供了新见解, 强调了生活在受干扰环境中的大型有蹄类动物在不同时空尺度上的行为可塑性。我们建议未来在东北虎豹国家公园物种的保护和管理工作中, 应长期监测野生动物种群动态, 并评估不同物种对人类干扰的行为响应。

关键词: 梅花鹿, 红外相机, 活动节律, 活动水平, 道路

Abstract

Aim: Wildlife modify their daily activity to satisfy food demands, to breed, or to avoid mortality risk. Assessing patterns of wildlife activity is crucial for understanding adaptations to inter-species competition, predation risks, and human disturbances. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) is a primary prey species for tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (P. pardus) in the Northeast China. However, the sika deer’s habitat is disturbed by roads. This study assessed the influence of road disturbances on the activity patterns of sika deer, considering their gender, age, reproductive status, and seasonal activity. The aim is to deepen our understanding of behavioral changes in animals due to human disturbance, providing a scientific basis for future conservation and management of sika deer, tigers, and leopards in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park.

Methods: From April 2021 to March 2022, we deployed 41 pairs of camera traps along the road in Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park to collect data of sika deer activity. Based on gender, age, and reproductive status of individuals, we classified sika deer into five sex/age groups. We used the kernel density method to estimate diel activity patterns and activity levels of sika deer, based on 9,825 independent detections of the species. Furthermore, we compared the activity levels and patterns across different seasons, sex/age groups, and levels of road disturbance.

Results: Peak activity of sika deer was observed in June and October. Diel activity patterns varied across seasons, with sika deer being crepuscular during spring and summer, nocturnal in autumn, and diurnal in winter. Diel activity patterns differed between age and sex groups of sika deer; fawns were diurnal, while adults were predominantly crepuscular, with only adult males having an increased probability of nocturnal activity. The negative effects of roads on the activity patterns of sika deer were mainly observed in autumn, which coincided with peak human and vehicular activity. Moreover, sika deer exhibited significantly reduced activity levels near roads during autumn. At sites close to roads, all sex/age groups of sika deer tended to decrease their activity levels.

Conclusion: This study is the first to document seasonal differences in activity patterns and variations among sex/age groups of sika deer in Northeast China. Additionally, it addresses the impact of roads on the diel activity patterns and activity levels of sika deer, revealing that during the high-traffic autumn season, road disturbances significantly affect their activity patterns. Across sex/age groups, sika deer respond similarly to road disturbances, with a shorter period of activity to minimize exposure to road risks while maximizing food intake. Our study emphasizes the negative impact of human activities on the behavioral patterns of this ungulate species. Additionally, it also highlights the behavioral plasticity of sika deer in response to anthropogenic disturbance, suggesting their ability to efficiently utilize alternative food resources. Our methodology provides insights into wildlife management strategies, and we recommend long-term monitoring of wildlife population dynamics and behavioral responses, especially in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park.

Key words: sika deer, camera traps, activity pattern, activity level, road

麦晓烔, 康佳, 李梓琛, 王天明 (2024) 东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿活动节律及其对道路的响应. 生物多样性, 32, 24178. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024178.

Xiaotong Mai, Jia Kang, Zichen Li, Tianming Wang (2024) Assessing activity pattern of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and their response to roads in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24178. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024178.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024178

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I11/24178

图/表 9

图1 东北虎豹国家公园研究区域内红外相机布设位点图

Fig. 1 Locations of camera traps in the study area of Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park

图2 各类群梅花鹿相对多度指数统计。红外相机监测数据收集于2021年4月至2022年3月。

Fig. 2 Relative abundance index of sika deer between sex/age groups. The camera trapping data was collected from April 2021 to March 2022.

图3 不同季节梅花鹿的日活动节律(左)及活动概率的后验分布(右)。日活动节律图中, 浅蓝色部分代表活动范围(95%的活动事件发生的时间段), 深蓝色部分表示活动高峰(50%的活动事件发生的时间段)。

Fig. 3 Diel activity patterns (left) and posterior distributions of the probability of activity (right) of sika deer in different seasons. In the left panel, light blue represents the activity range (95% isopleth), and dark blue represents the activity peak (50% isopleth).

图4 不同类群梅花鹿的日活动节律(左)及活动概率的后验分布(右)。日活动节律图中, 浅蓝色部分代表活动范围(95%的活动事件发生的时间段), 深蓝色部分表示活动高峰(50%的活动事件发生的时间段)。

Fig. 4 Diel activity patterns (left) and posterior distributions of the probability of activity (right) of different sex/age groups of sika deer. In the left panel, light blue represents the activity range (95% isopleth), and dark blue represents the activity peak (50% isopleth).

图5 不同季节梅花鹿不同类群3个时段的活动概率

Fig. 5 Activity probability of different sex/age groups of sika deer in three diel time periods across different seasons

图6 不同季节梅花鹿距离道路远近的日活动节律。红色线代表靠近道路处的活动节律, 线两侧红色阴影为95%置信区间, 红色长方形阴影为靠近道路处的活动高峰; 绿色线代表远离道路处的活动节律, 线两侧绿色阴影为95%置信区间, 绿色长方形阴影为远离道路处的活动高峰。

Fig. 6 Diel activity patterns and overlaps of sika deer near and far from the roads in different seasons. The red curve represents the activity pattern near the road, with the red shadow on both sides indicating the 95% confidence interval (CI), and the red rectangle shadow is the activity peak near the road. The green curve represents the activity pattern far from the road, with the green shadow on both sides of the curve indicating the 95% CI, and the green rectangle shadow is the activity peak away from the road.

表1 梅花鹿在不同时段距离道路远近的活动概率比较

Table 1 Activity probability differences of sika deer near and far from the roads in different time periods

	道路 Road	独立事件数 Individual events count (N)	晨昏活动概率 Crepuscular activity probability	白天活动概率 Daytime activity probability	夜晚活动概率 Nighttime activity probability	卡方检验 Chi-square test
季节 Seasons
春季 Spring	近处 Close	1,043	0.39 (0.36-0.42)	0.33 (0.30-0.35)	0.28 (0.26-0.31)	χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013
春季 Spring	远处 Far	1,128	0.33 (0.31-0.36)	0.37 (0.35-0.39)	0.30 (0.27-0.32)	χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013
夏季 Summer	近处 Close	1,683	0.40 (0.38-0.42)	0.36 (0.34-0.38)	0.24 (0.22-0.26)	χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575
夏季 Summer	远处 Far	1,711	0.42 (0.39-0.44)	0.36 (0.33-0.38)	0.23 (0.21-0.25)	χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575
秋季 Autumn	近处 Close	1,659	0.34 (0.32-0.36)	0.21 (0.19-0.23)	0.45 (0.42-0.47)	χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001
秋季 Autumn	远处 Far	1,885	0.30 (0.28-0.32)	0.17 (0.16-0.19)	0.52 (0.50-0.55)	χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001
冬季 Winter	近处 Close	413	0.31 (0.27-0.31)	0.47 (0.42-0.52)	0.22 (0.18-0.26)	χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176
冬季 Winter	远处 Far	303	0.25 (0.20-0.30)	0.49 (0.43-0.55)	0.26 (0.21-0.31)	χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176
类群 Sex/age groups
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	近处 Close	360	0.45 (0.40-0.50)	0.33 (0.29-0.38)	0.21 (0.17-0.26)	χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	远处 Far	356	0.41 (0.36-0.46)	0.29 (0.25-0.34)	0.29 (0.25-0.34)	χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050
成年雄性 Adult male	近处 Close	1,035	0.32 (0.29-0.35)	0.23 (0.21-0.26)	0.45 (0.42-0.48)	χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963
成年雄性 Adult male	远处 Far	1,302	0.32 (0.30-0.35)	0.23 (0.21-0.25)	0.44 (0.42-0.47)	χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963
成年雌性 Adult female	近处 Close	2,558	0.38 (0.36-0.39)	0.32 (0.30-0.33)	0.31 (0.29-0.33)	χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001
成年雌性 Adult female	远处 Far	2,483	0.33 (0.32-0.35)	0.32 (0.30-0.33)	0.35 (0.34-0.37)	χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001
母子群 Adult with fawn	近处 Close	468	0.40 (0.36-0.42)	0.43 (0.40-0.47)	0.17 (0.14-0.21)	χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217
母子群 Adult with fawn	远处 Far	474	0.43 (0.39-0.47)	0.38 (0.34-0.41)	0.20 (0.16-0.23)	χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217
未成年 Fawn	近处 Close	195	0.33 (0.26-0.38)	0.45 (0.39-0.52)	0.23 (0.17-0.29)	χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349
未成年 Fawn	远处 Far	179	0.32 (0.26-0.37)	0.39 (0.35-0.45)	0.29 (0.23-0.35)	χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349

表1 梅花鹿在不同时段距离道路远近的活动概率比较

Table 1 Activity probability differences of sika deer near and far from the roads in different time periods

	道路 Road	独立事件数 Individual events count (N)	晨昏活动概率 Crepuscular activity probability	白天活动概率 Daytime activity probability	夜晚活动概率 Nighttime activity probability	卡方检验 Chi-square test
季节 Seasons
春季 Spring	近处 Close	1,043	0.39 (0.36-0.42)	0.33 (0.30-0.35)	0.28 (0.26-0.31)	χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013
春季 Spring	远处 Far	1,128	0.33 (0.31-0.36)	0.37 (0.35-0.39)	0.30 (0.27-0.32)	χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013
夏季 Summer	近处 Close	1,683	0.40 (0.38-0.42)	0.36 (0.34-0.38)	0.24 (0.22-0.26)	χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575
夏季 Summer	远处 Far	1,711	0.42 (0.39-0.44)	0.36 (0.33-0.38)	0.23 (0.21-0.25)	χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575
秋季 Autumn	近处 Close	1,659	0.34 (0.32-0.36)	0.21 (0.19-0.23)	0.45 (0.42-0.47)	χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001
秋季 Autumn	远处 Far	1,885	0.30 (0.28-0.32)	0.17 (0.16-0.19)	0.52 (0.50-0.55)	χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001
冬季 Winter	近处 Close	413	0.31 (0.27-0.31)	0.47 (0.42-0.52)	0.22 (0.18-0.26)	χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176
冬季 Winter	远处 Far	303	0.25 (0.20-0.30)	0.49 (0.43-0.55)	0.26 (0.21-0.31)	χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176
类群 Sex/age groups
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	近处 Close	360	0.45 (0.40-0.50)	0.33 (0.29-0.38)	0.21 (0.17-0.26)	χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	远处 Far	356	0.41 (0.36-0.46)	0.29 (0.25-0.34)	0.29 (0.25-0.34)	χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050
成年雄性 Adult male	近处 Close	1,035	0.32 (0.29-0.35)	0.23 (0.21-0.26)	0.45 (0.42-0.48)	χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963
成年雄性 Adult male	远处 Far	1,302	0.32 (0.30-0.35)	0.23 (0.21-0.25)	0.44 (0.42-0.47)	χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963
成年雌性 Adult female	近处 Close	2,558	0.38 (0.36-0.39)	0.32 (0.30-0.33)	0.31 (0.29-0.33)	χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001
成年雌性 Adult female	远处 Far	2,483	0.33 (0.32-0.35)	0.32 (0.30-0.33)	0.35 (0.34-0.37)	χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001
母子群 Adult with fawn	近处 Close	468	0.40 (0.36-0.42)	0.43 (0.40-0.47)	0.17 (0.14-0.21)	χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217
母子群 Adult with fawn	远处 Far	474	0.43 (0.39-0.47)	0.38 (0.34-0.41)	0.20 (0.16-0.23)	χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217
未成年 Fawn	近处 Close	195	0.33 (0.26-0.38)	0.45 (0.39-0.52)	0.23 (0.17-0.29)	χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349
未成年 Fawn	远处 Far	179	0.32 (0.26-0.37)	0.39 (0.35-0.45)	0.29 (0.23-0.35)	χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349

表2 梅花鹿在距离道路近处和远处的活动水平比较

Table 2 Activity levels differences of sika deer near and far from the roads

	道路 Road	独立事件数 Individual events count (N)	估计值 Estimate	标准误 Standard error	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval	Wald检验 Wald test
季节 Seasons
春季 Spring	近处 Close	1,043	0.44	0.03	0.38-0.49	W = 1.58; P = 0.209
春季 Spring	远处 Far	1,128	0.49	0.03	0.43-0.55
夏季 Summer	近处 Close	1,683	0.45	0.02	0.40-0.48	W = 0.20; P = 0.657
夏季 Summer	远处 Far	1,711	0.44	0.02	0.39-0.46
秋季 Autumn	近处 Close	1,659	0.42	0.02	0.37-0.47	W = 21.75; P < 0.001
秋季 Autumn	远处 Far	1,885	0.58	0.02	0.52-0.61
冬季 Winter	近处 Close	413	0.35	0.03	0.29-0.40	W = 5.07; P = 0.024
冬季 Winter	远处 Far	303	0.46	0.04	0.36-0.52
类群 Sex/age groups
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	近处 Close	360	0.42	0.03	0.33-0.46	W = 0.11; P = 0.740
雌雄混合群 Adult mix	远处 Far	356	0.44	0.04	0.35-0.52
成年雄性 Adult male	近处 Close	1,035	0.51	0.04	0.44-0.59	W = 4.01; P = 0.045
成年雄性 Adult male	远处 Far	1,302	0.60	0.03	0.52-0.64
成年雌性 Adult female	近处 Close	2,558	0.48	0.02	0.43-0.51	W = 1.54; P = 0.214
成年雌性 Adult female	远处 Far	2,483	0.52	0.03	0.47-0.57
母子群 Adult with fawn	近处 Close	468	0.45	0.03	0.36-0.48	W = 0.49; P = 0.485
母子群 Adult with fawn	远处 Far	474	0.41	0.03	0.34-0.46
未成年 Fawn	近处 Close	195	0.38	0.04	0.28-0.45	W = 10.15; P = 0.001
未成年 Fawn	远处 Far	179	0.62	0.06	0.44-0.69

图7 不同类群梅花鹿距离道路远近的日活动节律。红色线代表靠近道路处的活动节律, 线两侧红色阴影为95%置信区间, 红色长方形阴影为靠近道路处的活动高峰; 绿色线代表远离道路处的活动节律, 线两侧绿色阴影为95%置信区间, 绿色长方形阴影为远离道路处的活动高峰。

Fig. 7 Diel activity patterns of different sex/age groups of sika deer near or far from the roads. The red curve represents the activity pattern near the road, with the red shadow on both sides indicating the 95% confidence interval (CI), and the red rectangle shadow is the activity peak near the road. The green curve represents the activity pattern far from the road, with the green shadow on both sides of the curve indicating the 95% CI, and the green rectangle shadow is the activity peak away from the road.

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东北虎豹国家公园梅花鹿活动节律及其对道路的响应

Assessing activity pattern of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and their response to roads in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park

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