城市景观格局对大蚰蜒种群遗传结构的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2024251

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 24251. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024251 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024251

• 研究报告: 遗传多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

城市景观格局对大蚰蜒种群遗传结构的影响

王嘉陈¹(), 徐汤俊¹(), 许唯¹(), 张高季¹(), 尤艺瑾¹, 阮宏华²(), 刘宏毅¹^,²^,^*()()

1.南京林业大学生命科学学院, 南京 210037
2.南京林业大学生态与环境学院, 南京 210037

收稿日期:2024-06-22 接受日期:2024-08-06 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2024-09-13
通讯作者: * E-mail: hongyi_liu@njfu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32071594)

Impact of urban landscape pattern on the genetic structure of Thereuopoda clunifera population in Nanjing, China

Jiachen Wang¹(), Tangjun Xu¹(), Wei Xu¹(), Gaoji Zhang¹(), Yijin You¹, Honghua Ruan²(), Hongyi Liu¹^,²^,^*()()

1 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
2 College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

Received:2024-06-22 Accepted:2024-08-06 Online:2025-01-20 Published:2024-09-13
Contact: * E-mail: hongyi_liu@njfu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071594)

1. 附录.pdf(186KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市化改变了原有的自然景观格局, 导致生物多样性丧失。土壤动物在食物链中扮演着关键角色, 对维持生态系统稳定起着重要作用。研究城市景观格局变化对土壤动物遗传多样性和种群结构的影响, 可以为维持城市生态系统稳定及其生物多样性保护提供理论依据。本研究采集了南京地区7个种群共133个大蚰蜒(Thereuopoda clunifera)样品, 以线粒体Cytb基因和6个微卫星位点为分子标记, 分析了大蚰蜒的种群遗传结构及其影响因素。结果显示: 7个种群中共检测出6个Cytb单倍型和14个突变位点, 各种群核苷酸多样性指数均低于0.005, 遗传多样性处在较低水平。而微卫星标记反映各种群的平均等位基因数在4.167-5.167之间, 观测杂合度在0.470-0.603之间, 各种群微卫星多样性较高。栖息地面积和周边城市化程度与种群遗传多样性间不存在相关性。种群间两两遗传分化系数介于0.020-0.106, 基因流介于2.108-12.266, 表明种群间遗传分化水平较低, 存在较为频繁的基因交流。遗传分化水平与预测的地理阻力呈显著正相关, 大蚰蜒的种群遗传结构可能受到城市化的影响。斑块间良好的连通性保证了种群间的基因流, 散布的城市绿地可作为廊道, 为大蚰蜒提供扩散机会。本研究结果可为城市土壤动物多样性的保护提供理论依据。

关键词: 土壤动物, 大蚰蜒, 遗传多样性, 遗传结构, 景观连通性

Abstract

Aims: Urbanization, the rapid expansion of urban areas and the transformation of natural landscapes into manmade environments, has significantly altered the habitat of many organisms. This process has not only reshaped landscapes but also impacted ecological balance. Soil fauna are integral components of the food chain and play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, soil formation, and overall ecosystem health. Investigating the impact of urban landscape patterns on the genetic diversity and population structure of soil fauna can lead to new knowledge that can be used to protect the biodiversity within urban ecosystems.

Methods: A total of 133 samples of Thereuopoda clunifera from seven populations in Nanjing, China were collected for this study. The mitochondrial Cytbgene and six microsatellite loci were used as molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of T. clunifera. To investigate the impact of urban landscape patterns on soil fauna genetic diversity and genetic structure, correlation analysis was used to understand the association between genetic diversity and habitat or urbanization levels. We then evaluated potential corridors that could enable gene flow between local T. cluniferapopulations by calculating the Euclidean distance, least-cost path, and effective resistance between these populations. Finally, we explored the effect of geographical and resistance distance on genetic differentiation among local populations using the Mantel test for each local population based on their genetic distance.

Results: We identified six haplotypes and 14 mutation sites, from the Cytb dataset. Nucleotide diversity indices were below 0.005 for all populations, signifying low genetic diversity. The microsatellite markers revealed an average number of alleles ranging from 4.167 to 5.167 and observed heterozygosity from 0.470 to 0.603, indicating high microsatellite diversity across populations. No correlation was found between habitat area, degree of urbanization near the habitat, and population genetic diversity. The fixation index between populations ranged from 0.020 to 0.106, with gene flow ranging from 2.108 to 12.266, suggesting low levels of genetic differentiation and frequent gene exchange between populations. Cluster analysis based on individual classifications was performed on the seven populations. The results indicated that the highest value of Delta K was observed when K = 2, indicating that all individuals could be divided into two genetic groups. Among the seven populations, Tang Mountain and Fang Mountain (TS and FS) exhibited similar genetic structures, which were significantly different from the other five populations. The level of genetic differentiation between populations was significantly positively correlated with the predicted physical barriers between them, suggesting that the genetic structure of T. clunifera populations may be influenced by urbanization. Effective connectivity between patches facilitates gene flow among populations, with dispersed urban green spaces acting as corridors that offer opportunities for gene flow.

Conclusion: The overall genetic diversity of mitochondrial genes in the population of T. clunifera is relatively low, but the microsatellite diversity across all populations is high. Urbanization and habitat area are not correlated with the level of population genetic diversity in T. clunifera. There is moderate genetic differentiation among T. clunifera populations within the city of Nanjing, indicating a certain level of gene flow between them. Compared to geographical distance, diffusion resistance better reflects the diffusion patterns of T. clunifera within the city. Insights from this work establish a foundational framework for the preservation of urban biodiversity and the strategic design of ecological spaces, such as preserving green spaces to encourage gene flow between soil fauna populations.

Key words: soil fauna, Thereuopoda clunifera, genetic diversity, genetic structure, landscape connectivity

王嘉陈, 徐汤俊, 许唯, 张高季, 尤艺瑾, 阮宏华, 刘宏毅 (2025) 城市景观格局对大蚰蜒种群遗传结构的影响. 生物多样性, 33, 24251. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024251.

Jiachen Wang, Tangjun Xu, Wei Xu, Gaoji Zhang, Yijin You, Honghua Ruan, Hongyi Liu (2025) Impact of urban landscape pattern on the genetic structure of Thereuopoda clunifera population in Nanjing, China. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24251. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024251.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024251

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I1/24251

图/表 8

表1 南京市7个大蚰蜒种群样品采集信息

Table 1 Sample information of seven Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing

种群 Populations	样地名称 Localities	样地面积 Area of sampling sites (ha)	样品数量 Sample size	采样时间 Sampling time	样地距市中心距离 Distance from the city center (km)
BJG	北极阁 Beijige	26.87	16	2022.6.3‒6.20	2.15
XHS	仙鹤山 Xianhe Mountain	222.10	20	2022.6.25‒7.18	14.19
TS	汤山 Tang Mountain	559.12	18	2022.6.21‒7.12	23.35
LWS	龙王山 Longwang Mountain	210.07	13	2022.6.7‒6.24	18.12
MFS	幕府山 Mufu Mountain	564.52	21	2022.7.19‒8.8	9.54
ZJS	紫金山 Zijin Mountain	2,828.34	23	2022.8.9‒8.21	7.03
FS	方山 Fang Mountain	587.82	22	2022.7.21‒8.12	18.26

图1 南京7个大蚰蜒种群采样图。种群名称缩写含义同表1。

Fig. 1 Sampling sites of seven Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing. Population name abbreviations are shown in Table 1.

表2 基于线粒体DNA Cytb基因和微卫星的南京大蚰蜒遗传多样性参数

Table 2 Genetic diversity of Thereuopoda clunifera in Nanjing based on mtDNA Cytb gene and microsatellites

种群 Populations	Cytb基因 Cytb gene					微卫星位点 Microsatellite locus
种群 Populations	N	n	S	Hd	Pi	Na	Ne	Ho	He
BJG	16	1	0	0	0	5.167	2.849	0.479	0.604
XHS	20	1	0	0	0	5.000	2.982	0.492	0.645
TS	18	3	9	0.216	0.00186	5.167	2.638	0.470	0.587
LWS	13	2	3	0.282	0.00143	4.167	2.867	0.536	0.624
MFS	21	2	1	0.095	0.00016	5.000	3.192	0.603	0.655
ZJS	23	1	0	0	0	5.000	3.332	0.566	0.651
FS	22	2	1	0.247	0.00042	4.833	2.807	0.500	0.579

图2 基于南京大蚰蜒种群的线粒体DNA Cytb基因的系统发育树(A)和单倍型网络关系图(B)。其中H1-H6为本研究所测线粒体DNA Cytb序列生成的单倍型, 系统发育树的外类群为地中海蚰蜒(Scutigera coleoptrata), 在单倍型网络关系图中不同颜色代表不同地理种群。种群名称缩写含义同表1。

Fig. 2 The molecular phylogenetic tree (A) and the haplotype network (B) based on mtDNA Cytb gene in Nangjing populations of Thereuopoda clunifera. H1-H6 are haplotypes generated from mtDNA Cytb sequences from this study. The outgroup of the molecular phylogenetic tree is Scutigera coleoptrata. Different colors represent different geographical populations in haplotype network. Population name abbreviations are shown in Table 1.

图3 用于确定种群最优数量(K)的Delta K图(A)、南京大蚰蜒种群的遗传结构图(K = 2时) (B)和基于种群间遗传距离的UPGMA树(C)。种群名称缩写含义同表1。

Fig. 3 Delta K plot for determining optimal number of populations (K) (A), structure of Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing (K = 2) (B), and UPGMA tree based on genetic distances between populations (C). Population name abbreviations are shown in Table 1.

表3 基于微卫星位点的南京大蚰蜒种群的分子方差分析

Table 3 Analysis of molecular variance on microsatellites among Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing

变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	方差平方和 Sum of squares of variance	变异组分 Variance components	变异百分比 Percentage of variation (%)	固定指数 Fixation index
种群间 Among populations	6	36.148	0.11700	6.81	F_ST = 0.06811; P < 0.01
种群内 Within populations	259	414.634	1.60090	93.19
合计 Total	265	450.782	1.7179

表4 基于微卫星位点的南京大蚰蜒种群的遗传分化系数(对角线上)和基因流(对角线下)

Table 4 Fixation index (FST) (above the diagonal) and gene flow (Nm) (below the diagonal) of Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing based on microsatellites. Population name abbreviations are shown in Table 1.

种群 Populations	BJG	XHS	TS	LWS	MFS	ZJS	FS
BJG		0.052	0.079	0.106	0.061	0.046	0.067
XHS	4.520		0.090	0.064	0.051	0.020	0.090
TS	2.912	2.542		0.094	0.062	0.072	0.039
LWS	2.112	3.675	2.400		0.082	0.053	0.106
MFS	3.860	4.617	3.763	2.792		0.031	0.065
ZJS	5.212	12.266	3.225	4.507	7.747		0.065
FS	3.473	2.538	6.205	2.108	3.579	3.574

图4 南京大蚰蜒种群间欧式距离及最低成本路径示意图和扩散路径电流图。种群名称缩写含义同表1。

Fig. 4 The Euclidean distance, least-cost path and disperse path of Thereuopoda clunifera populations in Nanjing. The abbreviation of the population name has the same meaning as in Table 1.

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城市景观格局对大蚰蜒种群遗传结构的影响

Impact of urban landscape pattern on the genetic structure of Thereuopoda clunifera population in Nanjing, China

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