统筹植物就地保护与迁地保护的解决方案: 植物并地保护(parallel situ conservation)

doi:10.17520/biods.2023184

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文系统地梳理了植物就地保护和迁地保护存在的问题, 尤其是因气候变化等原因导致就地保护存在的不确定性、迁地保护居群遗传多样性丧失、遗传漂变导致的一系列遗传风险等, 进而提出了植物并地保护(parallel situ conservation)的概念及方法。并地保护是依据植物居群间的基因流动态规律进行保护物种的迁地保育设计, 其核心是受保护物种通过居群间花粉传播的基因流连接自然居群与迁地保护居群。并地保护就是在自然保护区等就地保护区域内或周边花粉可传播范围内, 建立植物迁地保育圃, 使迁地保护居群与自然居群之间维持基因交流, 即: 将迁地保护小居群融入自然大居群的基因池并有效维持物种的适应性进化潜能。深入的“一种一策”的花粉流检测和保育圃设计是该方法成功的关键。并地保护与其他植物保护途径相互补充, 对实现生物多样性保护具有重要意义。

关键词: 生物多样性, 遗传多样性, 迁地保护, 就地保护, 基因流

Abstract

Background & Aims In the realm of plant conservation, in situ conservation often faces challenges that stem form climate change and unresolved issues. On the other hand, ex situ conservation poses genetic risks linked to the erosion of genetic diversity and genetic drift. This paper conducts a systematic review of the merits and limitations associated with both in situ and ex situ plant conservation. Furthermore, it amalgamates hybridization analysis within natural populations with previous research findings to elucidate the role of long-distance pollen dispersal in gene flow.

Progresses We introduce an innovative conservation approach termed “parallel situ conservation”, which integrates elements of both in situ and ex situ conservation. This methodology is conceived with a focus on the dynamics of gene flow, using pollen dispersal as a means to sustain genetic exchanges between the in situ and ex situ populations. In practice, it is imperative to establish ex situ conservation collections in proximity to or within in situ areas, such as natural reserves, while considering the range of pollen dispersal. This step is crucial in ensuring robust gene flow between ex situ population and their natural populations. This integration allows small ex situ-conserved populations to connect to the gene pool of large natural populations, effectively safeguarding the adaptive evolutionary potential of the ex situ-conserved species, particularly those that are rare and endangered.

Prospect The effectiveness of this approach hinges on species-specific solutions derived from a comprehensive understanding of pollen-mediated gene flow and thoughtful design of ex situ conservation plot. Parallel situ conservation, when combined with other existing plant conservation strategies, holds promise for the future preservation of biodiversity.

Key words: biodiversity, genetic diversity, ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, gene flow

冯晨, 张洁, 黄宏文 (2023) 统筹植物就地保护与迁地保护的解决方案: 植物并地保护(parallel situ conservation). 生物多样性, 31, 23184. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023184.

Chen Feng, Jie Zhang, Hongwen Huang (2023) Parallel situ conservation: A new plant conservation strategy to integrate in situ and ex situ conservation of plants. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23184. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023184.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023184

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I9/23184

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保护策略 Conservation strategy	保护对象 Conservation target	保护单元 Conservation unit	方法和依据 Method and justification	多样性保护 Diversity conservation	存在的主要问题 Main limitations
就地保护 In situ conservation	生态系统 Ecosystem	群落 Community	原生态自然过程 Natural process	α、β、γ多样性 α, β, γ diversity	生境消失, 气候变迁 Habitat loss, climate changes
迁地保护 Ex situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	自然栖息地以外管护 Outside habitats and controlled care	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失 Genetic diversity loss
近地保护 Near situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	相似的气候与环境 Similar climate and environment	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失, 外在风险脆弱性 Genetic diversity loss, vulnerability to local threats
微保护区 Micro-reserves	片断化生态系统 Fragmented ecosystem	群落 Community	城市生态系统 Urban ecosystem	α和β多样性 α, β diversity	边缘效应, 片断化 Edge effects, fragmentation
间地保护 Inter situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	临时措施至新栖息地 Temporary measures until new habitats found	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失 Genetic diversity loss
森林基因库 Forest gene bank	森林树种种质 Germplasm of forest trees	遗传材料 Genetic materials	天然种子库 Natural seed banks	遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	遗传代表性不足 Limited genetic representation
并地保护 Parallel situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	居群或物种 Population or species	基因流及居群遗传学原理 Gene flow and population genetics	α和β多样性 α, β diversity	受环境和自然居群因素限制 Restricted by environment and natural populations availability

保护策略 Conservation strategy	保护对象 Conservation target	保护单元 Conservation unit	方法和依据 Method and justification	多样性保护 Diversity conservation	存在的主要问题 Main limitations
就地保护 In situ conservation	生态系统 Ecosystem	群落 Community	原生态自然过程 Natural process	α、β、γ多样性 α, β, γ diversity	生境消失, 气候变迁 Habitat loss, climate changes
迁地保护 Ex situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	自然栖息地以外管护 Outside habitats and controlled care	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失 Genetic diversity loss
近地保护 Near situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	相似的气候与环境 Similar climate and environment	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失, 外在风险脆弱性 Genetic diversity loss, vulnerability to local threats
微保护区 Micro-reserves	片断化生态系统 Fragmented ecosystem	群落 Community	城市生态系统 Urban ecosystem	α和β多样性 α, β diversity	边缘效应, 片断化 Edge effects, fragmentation
间地保护 Inter situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	个体或小居群 Individuals or small population	临时措施至新栖息地 Temporary measures until new habitats found	α多样性 α diversity	遗传多样性丧失 Genetic diversity loss
森林基因库 Forest gene bank	森林树种种质 Germplasm of forest trees	遗传材料 Genetic materials	天然种子库 Natural seed banks	遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	遗传代表性不足 Limited genetic representation
并地保护 Parallel situ conservation	珍稀濒危类群 Rare and endangered plants	居群或物种 Population or species	基因流及居群遗传学原理 Gene flow and population genetics	α和β多样性 α, β diversity	受环境和自然居群因素限制 Restricted by environment and natural populations availability