云南鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林的林隙干扰格局与成因

doi:10.17520/biods.2023219

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 23219. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023219

• 半湿润常绿阔叶林专题 • 上一篇下一篇

云南鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林的林隙干扰格局与成因

田希¹, 刘文聪¹, 饶杰生¹, 王晓凤¹, 杨涛¹, 陈稀¹, 张秋雨¹, 刘其明², 徐衍潇², 张旭³, 沈泽昊²^,¹^,^*()

1.云南大学生态与环境学院, 昆明 650091
2.北京大学城市与环境学院, 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
3.云南佑图生物科技有限公司, 昆明 650599

收稿日期:2023-06-25 接受日期:2023-10-12 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-12-22
通讯作者: * E-mail: shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
云南省科技厅-云南大学双一流学科建设重大专项(2018FY001-002);云南省基础研究计划重大项目课题(202101BC07 0002)

Patterns and causes of forest gap disturbance in a semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forest in the Jizu Mountains, Yunnan

Xi Tian¹, Wencong Liu¹, Jiesheng Rao¹, Xiaofeng Wang¹, Tao Yang¹, Xi Chen¹, Qiuyu Zhang¹, Qiming Liu², Yanxiao Xu², Xu Zhang³, Zehao Shen²^,¹^,^*()

1 School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091
2 Key Laboratory of MOE for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
3 Yunnan Youtu Biotechnology Co., LTD, Kunming 650599

Received:2023-06-25 Accepted:2023-10-12 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-12-22
Contact: * E-mail: shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

林隙(forest gap, FG)是森林干扰中的一种常见形式。作为森林景观流动镶嵌结构的基础, 林隙对森林群落更新和物种共存具有重要作用。本文基于2022年对云南大理鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地的植物群落调查结果, 统计了所有活立木和粗木质残体(coarse woody debris, CWD)的物种组成和径级结构, 分析了样地内所有木本植物胸高断面积和林隙形成木(forest gap maker, FGM)数量的空间格局, 并利用广义线性回归模型结合方差分解对林隙形成木定义的林隙干扰强度进行了定量环境解析。结果表明: (1)样地内粗木质残体的数量和胸高断面积之和分别相当于全部活立木的13.6%和15.8%; 全部粗木质残体属于57种木本植物, 共计12,317株; 形成林隙形成木的有12个物种, 共计2,280株。(2)活立木和粗木质残体的径级结构均呈倒“J”形, 即小径级数量多、大径级数量少, 反映了样地群落中的树木死亡主要源自群落演替前期的自疏过程。(3)林隙形成木的数量和平均密度按折干木、枯倒木、枯立木、活倒木依次减少。活立木、粗木质残体和林隙形成木的胸高断面积之和在样地内的分布差异显著: 沟谷两侧的山坡较高, 底部较低; 各类林隙形成木均在浅沟沟谷侧坡数量最多, 沟谷最少, 除活倒木外其余3类在深沟沟谷及侧坡上均有分布。(4)环境因子对枯立木、枯倒木、折干木、活倒木的数量的解释率依次为16.7%、25.6%、37.2%和76.0%; 生物竞争和自疏过程主导了枯立木和枯倒木的形成, 对活倒木数量贡献最大的因子是土壤养分, 而折干木的形成则由地形因子和生物因子共同驱动。

关键词: 半湿润常绿阔叶林, 粗木质残体, 林隙形成木, 胸高断面积之和, 空间格局, 环境解释

Abstract

Aims: Forest gaps are a common form of forest disturbance and play an important role in forest regeneration and species coexistence. The forest gaps serve as the basis for the forest landscape’s shifting mosaic structure. We aim to provide the scientific basis for better conservation and management of the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Jizu Mountains.

Methods: This study analyzed the species composition and DBH class structure of all woody plants (including all standing living trees and coarse woody debris (CWD) based on a survey of the forest dynamics plot in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Jizu Mountains starting in 2022. The spatial patterns of the basal area of all woody plants and the number of forest gap makers (FGM) in the plot were mapped using ArcGIS. An environmental interpretation using a generalized linear model combined with variance partitioning analysis was performed.

Results (1) The number and the basal area of CWD were about 13.6% and 15.8% for all standing living trees, respectively. A total of 57 woody species contributed to CWD formation, with a total of 12,317 individual trees; among which 12 species acted as FGMs, with a total of 2,280 individual trees. (2) The DBH class structure of standing living trees and CWD was like an inverted “J” type: with more individual trees having smaller DBH classes and fewer larger classes, indicating the main source of tree mortality was the self-thinning process during the early stage of community succession. (3) The number and average density of the FGM decreased as follows: trunk snapping (TS), dead fallen tree (DFT), standing dead tree (SDT), and leaning live tree (LLT); The sum of basal area for the standing living trees, CWD, and FGM differed significantly within the plot, with the hillsides on both sides of the gully being higher and at the gully bottom being lower; the number of all four types of FGM were abundant on the hillsides on both sides of the shallow gully, while it was lowest in the bottom of the shallow gully, all three types of FGM were distributed in the bottom and the hillsides on both sides of the deep gully except for LLT. (4) The variance of environmental factors increased as follows: 16.7% for SDT, 25.6% for DFT, 37.2% for TS, and 76.0% for LLT. Biological competition and a self-thinning process caused the formation of SDT and DFT. Soil nutrient contributed the most to the number of LLT, while topographic factors and biological factors drive the formation of TS.

Conclusion: The semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Jizu Mountains has small-scale disturbances, the number of SDT and DFT is closely associated with the tree density within the forest community. For LLT, soil nutrient influences the rate of tree survival more than topographic factors. Areas in the forest where TS occurres are driven by topographic factors and biological factors.

Key words: semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, coarse woody debris, forest gap maker, sum of basal area, spatial pattern, environmental interpretation

田希, 刘文聪, 饶杰生, 王晓凤, 杨涛, 陈稀, 张秋雨, 刘其明, 徐衍潇, 张旭, 沈泽昊 (2023) 云南鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林的林隙干扰格局与成因. 生物多样性, 31, 23219. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023219.

Xi Tian, Wencong Liu, Jiesheng Rao, Xiaofeng Wang, Tao Yang, Xi Chen, Qiuyu Zhang, Qiming Liu, Yanxiao Xu, Xu Zhang, Zehao Shen (2023) Patterns and causes of forest gap disturbance in a semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forest in the Jizu Mountains, Yunnan. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23219. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023219.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023219

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I11/23219

图/表 8

图1 按生长型划分的鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地活立木(a)和粗木质残体(b)个体数量的径级结构

Fig. 1 DBH classes distribution of individual numbers of standing living trees (a) and coarse woody debris (b) by growth-form in the forest dynamics plot in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Jizu Mountains

图2 鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地全部树木胸高断面积之和的空间分布格局。(a)活立木; (b)粗木质残体; (c)粗木质残体/活立木; (d)林隙形成木。

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution patterns of the sum of basal area (SBA) of all living and dead trees of the forest dynamics plot in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Jizu Mountains. (a) Standing living tree (SLT); (b) Coarse woody debris (CWD); (c) CWD/SLT; (d) Forest gap maker.

图3 林隙形成木的点状分布图。(a)枯立木; (b)枯倒木; (c)折干木; (d)活倒木。红色椭圆表示集中分布区。

Fig. 3 Point distribution of forest gap maker. (a) Standing dead tree; (b) Dead fallen tree; (c) Trunk snapping; (d) Leaning live tree. Red ovals represent the concentrated areas.

表1 4类林隙形成木的数量、胸高断面积之和及各自的占比

Table 1 The number, sum of basal area (SBA) and their ratio in four types of forest gap maker

林隙形成木 Forest gap maker	数量 No.	数量占比 Ratio (%)	胸高断面积之和 SBA (m²)	胸高断面积之和占比 Ratio of SBA (%)	样方数量 No. of the quadrats	平均密度 Average density (%)
枯立木 Standing dead tree	339	14.9	20.6	14.9	176	34.9
枯倒木 Dead fallen tree	818	35.9	57.4	41.7	329	65.3
折干木 Trunk snapping	1,082	47.5	55.9	40.6	385	76.4
活倒木 Leaning live tree	41	1.7	3.9	2.8	26	5.2
总计 Total	2,280	100	137.8	100	504	181.8

图4 按物种划分的林隙形成木数量条形图(a)和径级百分比堆积条形图(b)

Fig. 4 The bar chart of the number (a) and stacked percentage of DBH classes (b) for forest gap maker by species

图5 林隙形成木的径级结构

Fig. 5 DBH classes distribution of forest gap maker

表2 4类林隙形成木数量在所有粗木质残体(CWD)和林隙形成木(FGM)中的占比

Table 2 Proportion of number of four types of forest gap maker (FGM) in the total number of all coarse woody debris (CWD) and FGM

类型 Type	枯立木 Standing dead tree		枯倒木 Dead fallen tree		折干木 Trunk snapping		活倒木 Leaning live tree		总计 Total
类型 Type	数量 No.	%	数量 No.	%	数量 No.	%	数量 No.	%	总计 Total
粗木质残体 CWD	8,759	71.1	2,035	16.5	1,094	8.9	429	3.5	12,317
林隙形成木 FGM	339	14.9	818	35.9	1,082	47.5	41	1.7	2,280

图6 环境因子对林隙形成木的相对影响。(a)枯立木; (b)枯倒木; (c)折干木; (d)活倒木。图的左半部分显示了每个预测因子的相对重要性(以解释方差的百分比表示); 图的右半部分显示了模型预测因子的平均参数估计值(标准化回归系数)及95%的置信区间。Bio: 生物因子, 包括物种数量(Nus)、活立木胸高断面积之和(Sbaslt)、样方年龄(Age); Topo: 地形因子, 包括相对高度(Alti)、坡度(Slop)、坡向(Aspe)、曲率(Curv)、粗糙度(Roug)、地形湿润指数(Twi); Soil_C: 土壤化学因子, 包括有机碳(OrgC)、全氮(TotN)、有效磷(AvaP)、pH; Soil_P: 土壤机械组成, 包括土壤黏粒含量(Clay)、粉粒含量(Silt)、砂粒含量(Sand)。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 6 Relative effects of environment factors of forest gap maker. (a) Standing dead tree; (b) Dead fallen tree; (c) Trunk snapping; (d) Leaning live tree. Left of the figure show the relative importance of each predictor (expressed as a percentage of explained variance; and the right of the figure show mean parameter estimates (standardized regression coefficients) of the model predictors and their 95% confidence intervals. Bio, Biotic factor, including number of species (Nus), sum of basal area of standing living tree (Sbaslt), quadrat age (Age); Topo, Topographic factor, including relative altitude (Alti), slope (Slop), aspect (Aspe), curvature (Curv), roughness (Roug), topographic wetness index (Twi); Soil_C, Soil chemical factor, including organic carbon (OrgC), total nitrogen (TotN), available phosphorus (AvaP), pH; Soil_P, Soil physical factor, including clay content (Clay), silt content (Silt), sand content (Sand). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

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云南鸡足山半湿润常绿阔叶林的林隙干扰格局与成因

Patterns and causes of forest gap disturbance in a semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forest in the Jizu Mountains, Yunnan

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