滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林的岛屿化与物种多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2023252

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 23252. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023252

• 半湿润常绿阔叶林专题 • 上一篇下一篇

滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林的岛屿化与物种多样性

左艳洁¹^,²^,^#, 彭明春¹, 王崇云¹^,^*^,^#(), 沈泽昊³^,¹^,^*(), 李永萍¹, 周新茂¹, 周杰¹, 周光信¹^,⁴, 任佳昕¹, 刘忠安¹

1.云南大学生态与环境学院, 昆明 650091
2.大理州洱海湖泊研究院, 云南大理 671099
3.北京大学城市与环境学院, 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
4.云南省生态环境工程评估中心, 昆明 650228

收稿日期:2023-07-11 接受日期:2023-11-18 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-12-22
通讯作者: * E-mail: cywang@ynu.edu.cn;shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn
作者简介:^# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
云南省基础研究计划重大项目课题(202101BC07 0002);云南省科技厅-云南大学双一流学科建设重大专项(2018FY001-002)

Islandization and species diversity of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau

Yanjie Zuo¹^,²^,^#, Mingchun Peng¹, Chongyun Wang¹^,^*^,^#(), Zehao Shen³^,¹^,^*(), Yongping Li¹, Xinmao Zhou¹, Jie Zhou¹, Guangxin Zhou¹^,⁴, Jiaxin Ren¹, Zhong’an Liu¹

1 School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091
2 Dali Erhai Lake Research Institute, Dali, Yunnan 671099
3 Key Laboratory of MOE for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
4 Yunnan Appraisal Center for Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Kunming 650228

Received:2023-07-11 Accepted:2023-11-18 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-12-22
Contact: * E-mail: cywang@ynu.edu.cn;shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn
About author:^# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林破碎化(或岛屿化)是导致当前生物多样性丧失的重要成因之一。滇中地区地带性的半湿润常绿阔叶林(semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests, SEBFs)具有显著的岛屿化特征。当前村寨周边面积大小、形状不一的“岛状”森林为研究破碎化的半湿润常绿阔叶林及其物种多样性特征提供了理想对象。本文通过植被遥感制图和群落样方调查, 运用空间统计、物种多样性分析、群落排序及环境解释, 探讨了滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林的岛屿化特征及其对群落物种多样性的影响。结果表明: (1)滇中高原现存半湿润常绿阔叶林仅占其潜在分布范围的1.5%, 面积 ≥ 100 ha的林斑有92块, 而面积 < 10 ha的林斑占斑块总数的54.6%和总面积的7.8%; 该植被类型面积萎缩和破碎化严重; (2) 99%的林斑到村寨的距离 < 3 km, 距离村寨越远, 林斑平均面积越大, 但样方物种α多样性除均匀度外变化不显著; 不同面积等级斑块中样方物种α多样性也仅物种丰富度有显著变化, 面积超过100 ha的大斑块有更高的物种丰富度; 离村寨越近, 样方群落物种组成简单化和同质化现象加强; (3)样方群落β多样性主要由物种替换引起。森林岛屿化是导致半湿润常绿阔叶林群落物种组成变化的主要因子, 而人类干扰强度对群落物种组成的影响高于局部生境异质性(水分条件)和区域气候梯度(低温限制)的影响。滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林以破碎小斑块大量存在于村寨周边, 在人为干扰下群落退化明显, 亟待引起足够重视, 并采取必要措施加强保护。

关键词: 半湿润常绿阔叶林, 森林斑块, 岛屿化, 物种多样性, 人类影响

Abstract

Aims: This study focuses on the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests (SEBFs) in Central Yunnan Plateau, a zonal vegetation characterized by varying patches sizes and shapes distributed around rural villages. Through remote sensing based vegetation mapping and field vegetation investigation, we aimed to explore the spatial patterns of fragmented SEBF patches, the changes in plant species diversity of SEBFs in relation with its patch size and distance class from villages, and assess the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the species composition of SEBFs communities.

Methods: This study investigated the fragmentation features of SEBFs and their impact on species diversity. We conducted spatial analysis and species diversity assessments using the patch and community data from SEBFs. SEBFs’ patches were derived from Landsat 8 OLI imageries in combination of supervised classification and visual interpretation. α diversity and β diversity were compared among the plot community types. And the species composition was compared using non-metric multidimensional scaling to indicate the importance of environmental drives.

Results (1) In Central Yunnan Plateau, the existing SEBFs only accounted for 1.5% of their potential, climate-determined distribution range. This area comprised 92 forest patches covering a space greater than 100 ha, whereas forest patches covering an area of < 10 ha accounted for 54.6% of the total patch number but only 7.8% of the total area. This highlighted the significant shrinking and fragmenting of this vegetation type’s area. (2) Remarkably, 99% of forest patches were within 3 km from rural villages. A trend emerged where patches farther away from villages had larger area, but the species α diversity did not show significant changes except for species evenness. For sample plots in patches with different area classes, α diversity only showed significant changes in species richness; larger patches exceeding 100 ha exhibited higher species richness. In contrast, the closer a patch was to a village, the more simplified and more homogeneous its species composition tended to be. (3) β diversity among plot communities was primarily driven by species replacement. Forest islanding was a key factor influencing changes in species composition of SEBFs communities. Moreover, the impact of human interference on species composition was significantly greater than that of local habitat heterogeneity (water conditions) and regional climate gradients (low temperature limitations).

Conclusion: The SEBFs in the Central Yunnan Plateau are abundant near villages with fragmented small patches, and these areas are experiencing notable degradation due to human interference. This situation is urgent and demands attention and the implementation of necessary protective measures.

Key words: semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests, forest patch, islandization, species diversity, anthropogenic impacts

左艳洁, 彭明春, 王崇云, 沈泽昊, 李永萍, 周新茂, 周杰, 周光信, 任佳昕, 刘忠安 (2023) 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林的岛屿化与物种多样性. 生物多样性, 31, 23252. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023252.

Yanjie Zuo, Mingchun Peng, Chongyun Wang, Zehao Shen, Yongping Li, Xinmao Zhou, Jie Zhou, Guangxin Zhou, Jiaxin Ren, Zhong’an Liu (2023) Islandization and species diversity of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23252. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023252.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023252

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I11/23252

图/表 7

图1 滇中高原遥感影像解译所用半湿润常绿阔叶林群落调查样方和植物物种调查样点及资料数据分布

Fig. 1 Distribution of field investigation community plots and plant species distribution points, and those of literature data for remote sensing imageries’ interpretation of the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau

图2 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林不同等级斑块总面积和斑块数量分布图

Fig. 2 Map of total area and area distribution of different patch area classes of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in Central Yunnan Plateau

图3 距村寨不同距离等级(缓冲区等级)和不同面积等级的半湿润常绿阔叶林不同斑块大小的数量分布

Fig. 3 Distribution of number of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest patches of different area classes in different distance classes from villages (buffer class)

表1 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林样方物种α多样性指数的组间Kruskal-Wallis检验(K-W)

Table 1 Intergroup Kruskal-Wallis test (K-W) for α diversity index of species in the plots of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests

多样性指标 Diversity index	距离等级 Distance class		面积等级 Area class
多样性指标 Diversity index	K-W	P	K-W	P
物种丰富度 Species richness	4.268	0.511	17.294	0.008^**
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	6.610	0.251	7.522	0.275
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index	10.228	0.069	7.21	0.302
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	14.728	0.012^*	10.887	0.092

图4 滇中高原距村寨不同距离等级(a-d)和不同森林斑块面积等级(e-h)的样方群落物种α多样性差异(平均值 ± 标准差)。不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Difference of α diversity indices between different distance classes from villages (a-d) and between different patch area classes (e-h) in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau (mean ± SD). Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

图5 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林样地物种组成的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)排序图。图中实心圆表示野外调查数据; 三角形表示《云南植被》数据; 不同颜色代表不同的群落类型, 实心圆和三角的大小表示样地所在斑块面积的大小。A: 高山栲群落; B: 元江栲群落; C: 高山栲 + 元江栲群落或元江栲 + 白穗石栎群落; D: 元江栲+滇石栎群落; E: 滇青冈群落; F: 高山栲 + 滇油杉-云南含笑群落; G: 高山栲 + 滇油杉群落。

Fig. 5 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination diagram of the plots of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau. The color of the circles (data from field sampling) and triangles (data from Vegetation of Yunnan) in the figure represents different community types, and the size of the icon represents the size class of the patch area where the plot is located. A, Ass. Castanopsis delavayi; B, Ass. C. orthacantha; C, Ass. C. delavayi + C. orthacantha or Ass. C. orthacantha + Lithocarpus craibianus; D, Ass. C. orthacantha + L. dealbatus; E, Ass. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides; F, Ass. C. delavayi + Keteleeria evelyniana-Michelia yunnanensis; G, Ass. C. delavayi + K. evelyniana.

表2 基于逐步回归分析和方差分解对非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)排序轴的环境解释

Table 2 Environmental interpretation on the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordering axis based on stepwise linear regression and variation partitioning

解释变量 Interpretative variables	NMDS 1	NMDS 2
斑块面积 Patch area	25.0%	1.8%
斑块形状指数 Patch shape Index	16. 5%	-
人口密度 Population density	16. 1%	10.9%
国内生产总值 Gross domestic product (GDP)	12.9%	7.5%
地形湿度指数 Topographic wetness index	10.9%	-
居民点密度 Village density	6.2%	10.1%
年均温 Annual mean temperature	5.1%	20.0%
土壤容重 Soil bulk density	3.9%	-
斑块重心-最近居民点距离 Gravity center-nearest village distance	3.4%	7.0%
地形起伏度 Relief	-	1.3%
最冷季平均温 Mean temperature of coldest quarter	-	18.1%
道路密度 Road density	-	23.3%

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滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林的岛屿化与物种多样性

Islandization and species diversity of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau

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