滇中高原亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林植物群落多样性特征

doi:10.17520/biods.2023238

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 23238. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023238

• 半湿润常绿阔叶林专题 • 上一篇下一篇

滇中高原亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林植物群落多样性特征

杨涛¹, 沈泽昊²^,¹^,^*(), 王晓凤¹, 饶杰生¹, 刘文聪¹, 田希¹, 陈稀¹, 张秋雨¹, 刘倩¹, 钱恒君¹, 解宇阳², 刘其明², 徐衍潇², 涂梦灵¹, 单子铭¹, 张玉坤³, 侯波⁴, 李建斌⁵, 欧晓昆¹

1.云南大学生态与环境学院, 昆明 650091
2.北京大学城市与环境学院, 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
3.云南珠江源省级自然保护区沾益管护分局, 云南沾益 655500
4.云南雕翎山省级自然保护区管理局, 云南广通 651224
5.云南宾川县林业和草原局, 云南宾川 671699

收稿日期:2023-07-02 接受日期:2023-11-09 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-12-20
通讯作者: * E-mail: shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
云南省科技厅-云南大学双一流学科建设重大专项(2018FY001-002);云南省基础研究计划重大项目课题(202101BC07 0002)

Characteristics of plant community diversity in a subtropical semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau

Tao Yang¹, Zehao Shen²^,¹^,^*(), Xiaofeng Wang¹, Jiesheng Rao¹, Wencong Liu¹, Xi Tian¹, Xi Chen¹, Qiuyu Zhang¹, Qian Liu¹, Hengjun Qian¹, Yuyang Xie², Qiming Liu², Yanxiao Xu², Mengling Tu¹, Ziming Shan¹, Yukun Zhang³, Bo Hou⁴, Jianbin Li⁵, Xiaokun Ou¹

1 School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091
2 Key Laboratory of MOE for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
3 Zhanyi Protection Bureau, Zhujiang Source Provincial Nature Reserve, Zhanyi, Yunnan 655500
4 Yunnan Diaolingshan Provincial Natural Reserve Administration Bureau, Guangtong, Yunnan 651224
5 Binchuan County Bureau of Forestry and Grassland, Binchuan, Yunnan 671699

Received:2023-07-02 Accepted:2023-11-09 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-12-20
Contact: * E-mail: shzh@urban.pku.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林动态监测样地是研究群落构建和物种多样性维持机制的重要平台。半湿润常绿阔叶林是滇中高原的地带性植被类型。但由于人类活动的长期影响, 半湿润常绿阔叶林天然群落当前仅呈片断化状态, 零星分布于偏远山地。参照美国史密森热带研究院热带森林研究中心的样地建设标准, 我们分别在云南省曲靖珠江源(ZJY)、楚雄雕翎山(DLS)和大理鸡足山(JZS)建立了面积为10 ha (500 m × 200 m)、8.24 ha (1个260 m × 240 m的小样地和2个100 m × 100 m的小样地)和20.16 ha (720 m × 280 m)的3个森林动态监测样地。本文以这3个样地的植物群落为研究对象, 运用背包式激光雷达、激光测距仪等获取相关基础数据, 并对各样地的植物群落进行物种鉴定、区系分析、群落分类及群落结构分析。结果表明: (1) 3个样地共发现维管植物619种, 隶属于120科355属, 其中珠江源样地70科120属157种, 雕翎山样地92科224属319种, 鸡足山样地100科255属353种; (2) DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物存活个体共有103,951株, 其中珠江源样地24,932株、雕翎山样地25,222株、鸡足山样地53,797株, 活个体密度分别为2,493.2株/ha、3,060.9株/ha、2,689.9株/ha; (3)样地群内所有维管植物在属和种水平上的温带区系成分合计占比分别为51.3%和24.7%, 中国特有种的比例为33.0%; (4)样地群内的植物群落可分为8个群系, 分别为元江栲(Castanopsis orthacantha)群系、高山栲(C. delavayi)群系、白穗石栎(Lithocarpus craibianus)群系、滇石栎(L. dealbatus)群系、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)群系、黄毛青冈(Cyclobalanopsis delavayi)群系、光叶石栎(L. mairei)群系和灰背栎(Quercus senescens)群系; 雕翎山样地群系类型最多、珠江源样地最少; (5)鸡足山样地和雕翎山样地乔木树种的径级结构呈倒“J”型, 珠江源样地呈单峰型; 鸡足山样地在80-100年以前经历过一次局部性的严重干扰, 雕翎山样地在50-80年前后经历过一次普遍性的轻中度干扰迹象, 珠江源样地在37年前曾经历过一次覆盖性的火干扰, 样地间森林群系类型和径级结构的差异主要取决于群落演替程度和地形差异。

关键词: 滇中高原, 半湿润常绿阔叶林, 森林动态监测样地, 物种组成, 群落分类

Abstract

Aims: The forest dynamics plots have been used as an effective platform to study the mechanism of biodiversity maintenance and community assembly. The semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SHEBF) is the zonal vegetation in the Central Yunnan Plateau. Because of the long-term influence of human activities and natural disturbance such as wildfires, the original SHEBF communities have been mostly destroyed, and replaced by secondary vegetation types. The extreme shrinkage of this zonal vegetation has raised increasing concern of conservation. Based on three forest dynamics plots we established in the Central Yunnan Plateau, we aim to explore the general characteristics of SHBEF in its floristic composition, community structure and diversity

Methods: According to the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) standards at the Smithson Institute for Tropical Research, we established three forest dynamics plots (10 ha (500 m × 200 m), 8.24 ha (one subplot with 260 m × 240 m and two subplots with 100 m × 100 m), and 20.16 ha (720 m × 280 m)) as the data collection source of SHEBF from the following three areas: Zhujiangyuan (ZJY) in Qujing City, Diaoling Mountains (DLS) in Chuxiong City, and Jizu Mountains (JZS) in Dali City, respectively. The community data of the three forest dynamics plots were obtained using a portable backpack LiDAR and a laser rangefinder. We implemented floristic analysis, community classification, and community structure analysis for the communities in the plots.

Results (1) A total of 619 species of vascular plants belonging to 120 families and 355 genera were found in the three plots, including 70 families, 120 genera, 157 species in the ZJY plot, 92 families, 224 genera, 319 species in DLS plot, 100 families, 255 genera, 353 species in JZS plot. (2) A total of 103,951 woody individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were found in the three plots, including 24,932 individuals in the ZJY plot, 25,222 individuals in the DLS plot, 53,797 individuals in the JZS plot, with densities of 2,493, 3,061, and 2,690 ind./ha, respectively. (3) The proportion of temperate floras at the genus and species levels of all vascular plants in three plots was 51.3% and 24.7%, and the proportion of endemic species in plots was 33.0%. (4) The plant communities in plots were divided into eight alliances, Castanopsis orthacantha alliance, C. delavayi alliance, Lithocarpus craibianus alliance, L. dealbatus alliance, Pinus yunnanensis alliance, Cyclobalanopsis delavayi alliance, L. mairei alliance and Quercus senescens alliance; the DLS plot had the highest alliances diversity and ZJY plot the least. (5) The DBH class structure of tree species in the JZS plot and DLS plot were inverted “J” type, and unimodal in ZJY plot. The community data indicated that an intensive fire disturbance covered a part of the JZS plot 80-100 years ago, and a light-to-moderate disturbance swept across the DLS plot 50-80 years ago, and a stand replacing fire occurred the ZJY plot 36 years ago.

Conclusion: This study laid a foundation for long-term systematic monitoring of the SHEBF community based on the forest dynamics plots while providing a theoretical basis for the diversity protection of this vegetation type and the sustainable forest management.

Key words: Central Yunnan Plateau, semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, forest dynamics plot, species composition, community classification

杨涛, 沈泽昊, 王晓凤, 饶杰生, 刘文聪, 田希, 陈稀, 张秋雨, 刘倩, 钱恒君, 解宇阳, 刘其明, 徐衍潇, 涂梦灵, 单子铭, 张玉坤, 侯波, 李建斌, 欧晓昆 (2023) 滇中高原亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林植物群落多样性特征. 生物多样性, 31, 23238. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023238.

Tao Yang, Zehao Shen, Xiaofeng Wang, Jiesheng Rao, Wencong Liu, Xi Tian, Xi Chen, Qiuyu Zhang, Qian Liu, Hengjun Qian, Yuyang Xie, Qiming Liu, Yanxiao Xu, Mengling Tu, Ziming Shan, Yukun Zhang, Bo Hou, Jianbin Li, Xiaokun Ou (2023) Characteristics of plant community diversity in a subtropical semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23238. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023238.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023238

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I11/23238

图/表 7

图1 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群样地分布图(a)和多年(1989-2019)平均降水量(柱状图)及月均温(折线图) (b) (数据来源: https://www.climatologylab.org/terraclimate.html)

Fig. 1 Plot distribution map of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau (a) and column distribution map of mean monthly precipitation and broken line map of mean monthly temperature (1989-2019) (b) (data source: https://www.climatologylab.org/terraclimate.html). ZJY, Zhujiangyuan; DLS, Diaoling Mountains; JZS, Jizu Mountains.

图2 基于背包式激光雷达(Libackpack DGC50, 精度0.2 m)扫描获取的滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群各样地5 m等高线图和无人机正摄影像图

Fig. 2 Various 5 m contour maps in each plot of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau based on portable backpack LiDAR (Libackpack DGC50, accuracy 0.2 m) scan and plots vertical images by unmanned aerial vehicle. ZJY, Zhujiangyuan; DLS, Diaoling Mountains; JZS, Jizu Mountains.

表1 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群各样地DBH ≥ 1 cm木本植物个体数及个体密度信息统计表

Table 1 Statistic table of individual number and density of woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm in each plot of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau

样地 Plot	科数 No. of family	属数 No. of genus	种数 No. of species	独立个体数 No. of individuals	个体密度 Individual density (ind./ha)
珠江源 Zhujiangyuan (ZJY)	24	39	51	24,932	2,493.20
雕翎山 Diaoling Mountains (DLS)	39	69	99	25,222	3,060.92
鸡足山 Jizu Mountains (JZS)	41	77	103	53,797	2,689.85
合计 Total	49	104	175	103,951	-

图3 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群各样地DBH ≥ 1 cm木本植物种-面积累计曲线(a)和多度等级曲线(b)

Fig. 3 Species-area curve (a) and rank-abundance curve (b) of woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm in each plot of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau. ZJY, Zhujiangyuan; DLS, Diaoling Mountains; JZS, Jizu Mountains.

表2 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林样地群所有维管植物属和种的区系组成

Table 2 Floristic composition of all genera and species of vascular plants in forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau

分布区类型 Areal types	属数 No. of genus (%)	种数 No. of species (%)
1. 世界广布 Widespread	44 (12.4)	41 (6.6)
2. 泛热带 Pantropic	50 (14.1)	28 (4.5)
3. 东亚及热带美洲间断 East Asia & Tropical America disjunced	8 (2.3)	5 (0.8)
4. 旧世界热带 Old World Tropical	18 (5.1)	8 (1.3)
5. 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australasia Oceania	11 (3.1)	12 (1.9)
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	14 (3.9)	15 (2.4)
7. 热带亚洲 Tropical Asia	23 (6.5)	153 (24.7)
热带小计 Tropical subtotal (2-7)	124 (34.9)	221 (35.7)
8. 北温带 North Temperate	78 (22.0)	24 (3.9)
9. 东亚及北美间断 East Asia & North America disjuncted	22 (6.2)	9 (1.5)
10. 旧世界温带 Old World Temperate	25 (7.0)	22 (3.6)
11. 温带亚洲 Temperate Asia	5 (1.4)	15 (2.4)
12. 地中海区、西亚至中亚 Mediterranean, West to Centre Asia	11 (3.1)	5 (0.8)
13. 中亚 Centre Asia	1 (0.3)	2 (0.3)
14. 东亚 East Asia	40 (11.3)	76 (12.3)
温带小计 Temperate subtotal (8-14)	182 (51.3)	153 (24.7)
15. 中国/云南特有 Endemic to China/Yunnan	5 (1.4)	204/34 (33.0/5.5)
合计 Total	355 (100.0)	619 (100.00)

图4 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群8类群系在鸡足山样地(a)、珠江源样地(b)和雕翎山样地(c1、c2、c3)中的分布图

Fig. 4 Distribution map of eight alliance types of forest community in JZS plot (a), ZJY plot (b), and DLS plot (c1, c2, c3) of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau. ZJY, Zhujiangyuan; DLS, Diaoling Mountains; JZS, Jizu Mountains.

图5 滇中高原半湿润常绿阔叶林动态监测样地群各样地乔木树种径级结构图。a: 死树; b: 活树。

Fig. 5 DBH class structure of tree species in each plot of forest dynamics plot group in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau. a, Dead tree; b, Living tree. ZJY, Zhujiangyuan; DLS, Diaoling Mountains; JZS, Jizu Mountains.

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滇中高原亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林植物群落多样性特征

Characteristics of plant community diversity in a subtropical semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau

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