生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 1271-1278. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021287
• 生态系统原真性和完整性专题 • 下一篇
收稿日期:
2021-07-19
接受日期:
2021-10-25
出版日期:
2021-10-20
发布日期:
2021-10-20
通讯作者:
杨锐
作者简介:
* E-mail: yrui@tsinghua.edu.cn基金资助:
Zhicong Zhao1,2, Rui Yang1,2,*()
Received:
2021-07-19
Accepted:
2021-10-25
Online:
2021-10-20
Published:
2021-10-20
Contact:
Rui Yang
摘要:
国家公园保护管理的首要目的是有效保护国家重要自然生态系统原真性和完整性。我们提出了面向管理的中国国家公园原真性与完整性概念, 国家公园原真性是指国家公园内生态系统及构成国家公园价值或与国家公园价值紧密联系的自然与文化要素保持在原生状态, 强调“不受损”; 国家公园完整性是指国家公园具有足够面积和充分的组成要素, 以维持生态系统的结构、功能与过程, 维持自然区域的价值与特征, 强调“不缺失”。我们还提出了国家公园原真性和完整性评价框架, 从自然度、气候变化强度、传统文化及其载体的真实性、人类干扰程度、人与自然和谐关系的原真性5个方面评价国家公园原真性; 从生态系统组成完整性、生态系统结构完整性、生态系统功能完整性、景观组成要素完整性和文化景观的完整性5个层面评价国家公园完整性。此外, 我们还提出了国家公园原真性与完整性保护的建议, 包括重塑保护管理目标、更新保护管理理念与提升保护管理技术3个方面。国家公园原真性与完整性的讨论尚未成熟, 对评价指标设定、指标间的相互关系、保护管理技术等的研究均尚待深入。
赵智聪, 杨锐 (2021) 中国国家公园原真性与完整性概念及其评价框架. 生物多样性, 29, 1271-1278. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021287.
Zhicong Zhao, Rui Yang (2021) The concept of national park authenticity and integrity in China and its evaluation framework. Biodiversity Science, 29, 1271-1278. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021287.
一级指标 Level 1 indicators | 二级指标举例 Examples of Level 2 indicators | 方法 Methods | |
---|---|---|---|
国家公园原真性 National park authenticity | 自然度 Naturalness | 高质量荒野占比; 自然生境占比; 荒野退化/增加幅度 Percentage of high quality wilderness; percentage of natural habitat; rate of wilderness degradation/increase | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、实测、判定; 基于历史文献与数据的分析 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys; analysis based on historical documents and data. |
气候变化强度 Intensity of climate change | 极端天气出现频率; 冰川融化速率; 林线高度变化量; 雪线高度变化量 Frequency of extreme weather; rate of glacier melt; forest line height change; snow line height change | ||
人类干扰程度 Degree of human interference | 土地利用变化; 人工设施用地占比; 人工设施或设施用地增幅/降幅; 污染物(类型、量、变化程度) Land use change; percentage of land used for man-made facilities; rate of increase/decrease in artificial facilities or facility land use; pollutants (type, amount, degree of change) | ||
传统文化及其载体的真实性 Authenticity of traditional culture and its carriers | 传统文化及其载体是否以原真的方式存在 Whether traditional culture and its carriers exist in an authentic manner | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork | |
人与自然和谐关系的原真性 Authenticity of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature | 传统生计是否以原真的方式维持; 原住民对于自然的观念、行为是否以原真的方式维持 Whether traditional livelihoods are maintained in an authentic manner; whether indigenous perceptions and behaviors towards nature are maintained in an original way | ||
国家公园完整性 National park integrity | 生态系统组成完整性 Ecosystem composition integrity | 本地重要物种是否被包括; 物种丰富度; 种群数量; 种群动态 Whether locally important species are included; species richness; population size; population dynamics | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、判定 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys |
生态系统结构完整性 Ecosystem structural integrity | 营养结构; 生境质量 Nutrient structure; habitat quality | ||
生态系统功能完整性 Ecosystem functional integrity | 演替; 营养级; 分解能力; 生态系统服务功能 Succession; trophic levels; decomposition capacity; ecosystem service functions | ||
景观组成要素完整性 Landscape composition integrity | 地质地貌价值载体是否被完整包括; 构成价值的河流的源头是否被有效保护 Whether geomorphic resources are included in their entirety; whether the source of the river that constitutes the value is effectively protected | ||
文化景观的完整性 Cultural landscape integrity | 传统保护边界是否完整纳入; 原住民传统组织结构是否被分割 Whether traditional conservation boundaries are included intact; whether the traditional organizational structure of the indigenous people is divided | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork |
表1 国家公园原真性与完整性评价框架
Table 1 Framework for evaluating the authenticity and integrity of China's national parks
一级指标 Level 1 indicators | 二级指标举例 Examples of Level 2 indicators | 方法 Methods | |
---|---|---|---|
国家公园原真性 National park authenticity | 自然度 Naturalness | 高质量荒野占比; 自然生境占比; 荒野退化/增加幅度 Percentage of high quality wilderness; percentage of natural habitat; rate of wilderness degradation/increase | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、实测、判定; 基于历史文献与数据的分析 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys; analysis based on historical documents and data. |
气候变化强度 Intensity of climate change | 极端天气出现频率; 冰川融化速率; 林线高度变化量; 雪线高度变化量 Frequency of extreme weather; rate of glacier melt; forest line height change; snow line height change | ||
人类干扰程度 Degree of human interference | 土地利用变化; 人工设施用地占比; 人工设施或设施用地增幅/降幅; 污染物(类型、量、变化程度) Land use change; percentage of land used for man-made facilities; rate of increase/decrease in artificial facilities or facility land use; pollutants (type, amount, degree of change) | ||
传统文化及其载体的真实性 Authenticity of traditional culture and its carriers | 传统文化及其载体是否以原真的方式存在 Whether traditional culture and its carriers exist in an authentic manner | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork | |
人与自然和谐关系的原真性 Authenticity of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature | 传统生计是否以原真的方式维持; 原住民对于自然的观念、行为是否以原真的方式维持 Whether traditional livelihoods are maintained in an authentic manner; whether indigenous perceptions and behaviors towards nature are maintained in an original way | ||
国家公园完整性 National park integrity | 生态系统组成完整性 Ecosystem composition integrity | 本地重要物种是否被包括; 物种丰富度; 种群数量; 种群动态 Whether locally important species are included; species richness; population size; population dynamics | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、判定 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys |
生态系统结构完整性 Ecosystem structural integrity | 营养结构; 生境质量 Nutrient structure; habitat quality | ||
生态系统功能完整性 Ecosystem functional integrity | 演替; 营养级; 分解能力; 生态系统服务功能 Succession; trophic levels; decomposition capacity; ecosystem service functions | ||
景观组成要素完整性 Landscape composition integrity | 地质地貌价值载体是否被完整包括; 构成价值的河流的源头是否被有效保护 Whether geomorphic resources are included in their entirety; whether the source of the river that constitutes the value is effectively protected | ||
文化景观的完整性 Cultural landscape integrity | 传统保护边界是否完整纳入; 原住民传统组织结构是否被分割 Whether traditional conservation boundaries are included intact; whether the traditional organizational structure of the indigenous people is divided | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork |
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