中国的世界生物圈保护区人与自然关系评估

doi:10.17520/biods.2025248

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界生物圈保护区是展示和促进人与生物圈之间的平衡关系、探索人与自然和谐共生的示范区域。目前我国共有34处世界生物圈保护区, 但在全国层面世界生物圈保护区如何推动人类社会发展和自然生态保护的协同作用, 以及自然保护地的建设管理保障是否有助于推动其所在的世界生物圈保护区人与自然的关系协同发展, 仍缺少全面系统的研究。本研究首次在全国尺度, 应用人类足迹代表人类社会的发展潜力, 综合多源生态遥感数据计算生态系统质量指数, 并采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验, 对我国34处世界生物圈保护区内人与自然的关系进行了评估。基于线性回归的结果表明, 2010-2020年中国34处世界生物圈保护区生态系统质量呈上升趋势但不显著(P > 0.05), 而人类足迹呈现显著增长趋势(P < 0.05)。世界生物圈保护区范围内10%的像素单元表现为人与自然关系显著变化, 其中以协调的关系为主(占比72.2%), 尤其是在井冈山、博格达等7处世界生物圈保护区。此外, 世界生物圈保护区被自然保护地覆盖的面积占比越低、世界生物圈保护区的面积越大、加入世界生物圈保护区的时间越长, 越有利于推动世界生物圈保护区内人类社会与生态保护的协调发展。在第五届世界生物圈保护区大会于2025年9月在我国杭州召开之际, 本研究为我国的世界生物圈保护区在落实人与自然和谐发展的贡献方面提供了有力支撑, 并可为全球未来的世界生物圈保护区相关研究与发展提供参考借鉴。

关键词: 人与生物圈计划, 人类足迹, 生态系统质量指数, 人与自然协调发展, 自然保护地

Abstract

Background & Aims World Biosphere Reserves are designated demonstration areas to promote a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere, exploring pathways for harmonious coexistence between human societies and natural ecosystems. China currently has 34 World Biosphere Reserves. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive and systematic research at the national level regarding how these reserves can effectively drive the coordinated development of human society and ecological conservation. Additionally, it is unclear whether the logistic support functions of protected areas contribute meaningfully to fostering sustainable human-nature relationships within these reserves.

Methods: This study integrated comprehensive spatial data from all 34 World Biosphere Reserves in China and their associated protected areas. By combining human footprint indicators, ecological remote sensing datasets to calculate ecosystem quality index, as well as trend detection methods including Theil-Sen Median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall analysis, we evaluated the relationship between human social development and natural ecological protection at a 1 km × 1 km pixel resolution within these reserves.

Results: Linear regression results indicated that ecosystem quality across China’s 34 World Biosphere Reserves increased from 2010 to 2020, although the trend was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, human footprint exhibited a statistically significant upward trend during the same period (P < 0.05). Within these reserves, 10% of the pixel units demonstrated significant changes in human-nature relationships, with coordination interactions accounting for the largest proportion (72.2%), particularly evident in seven reserves including Jinggangshan and Bogda, etc. Furthermore, a lower coverage ratio of protected areas within a World Biosphere Reserve, a larger total area of the World Biosphere Reserve, and a longer duration since its designation as a World Biosphere Reserve are all associated with enhanced coordination between human development and ecological conservation.

Conclusion: With the upcoming Fifth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves to be held in Hangzhou, China in September 2025, this study offers robust scientific support for understanding the role of China’s World Biosphere Reserves in advancing harmonious development between human society and nature. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights and references for future global research and sustainable management of World Biosphere Reserves.

Key words: Man and the Biosphere Programme, human footprint, ecosystem quality index, coordinated development of human and nature, protected areas

冯春婷, 吴晨, 孙熙晴, 王伟 (2025) 中国的世界生物圈保护区人与自然关系评估. 生物多样性, 33, 25248. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025248.

Chunting Feng, Chen Wu, Xiqing Sun, Wei Wang (2025) Assessment of human-nature relationship in China’s World Biosphere Reserves. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25248. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025248.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025248

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I9/25248

图/表 4

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序号 ID	保护区名称 Reserve name	所在省份 Province	加入时间 Join date	面积 Area (ha)	人与自然关系类型的面积占比 Proportion of area for each of the four types of human-nature relationships
序号 ID	保护区名称 Reserve name	所在省份 Province	加入时间 Join date	面积 Area (ha)	协调 Coordination (%)	对自然有益 Good for nature (%)	共同退化 Co-degradation (%)	冲突 Conflict (%)
1	长白山 Changbaishan	吉林 Jilin	1979	196,465	6.75	1.25	0.33	0.16
2	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	广东 Guangdong	1979	1,133.4	0.00	9.09	0.00	0.00
3	卧龙 Wolong	四川 Sichuan	1979	200,000	4.99	0.94	0.11	0.22
4	梵净山 Fanjingshan	贵州 Guizhou	1986	38,300	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
5	武夷山 Wuyishan	福建 Fujian	1987	56,527	5.27	0.21	0.21	0.00
6	锡林郭勒 Xilinguole	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	1987	1,077,450	1.16	0.16	0.00	0.16
7	博格达 Bogda	新疆 Xinjiang	1990	128,690	17.04	0.48	0.06	1.15
8	神农架 Shennongjia	湖北 Hubei	1990	70,467	1.11	2.55	0.32	0.00
9	盐城 Yancheng	江苏 Jiangsu	1992	280,000	8.35	3.80	1.77	1.77
10	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	云南 Yunnan	1993	241,700	1.05	0.10	0.14	4.83
11	茂兰 Maolan	贵州 Guizhou	1996	21,330	0.62	1.23	1.23	1.23
12	天目山 Tianmushan	浙江 Zhejiang	1996	54,700	8.82	0.00	0.00	0.00
13	丰林 Fenglin	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	1997	28,353	8.57	28.57	0.00	0.00
14	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	四川 Sichuan	1997	106,090	3.09	0.28	0.66	5.06
15	南麂列岛 Nanjiliedao	浙江 Zhejiang	1998	20,629	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
16	白水江 Baishuijiang	甘肃 Gansu	2000	213,750	5.36	3.13	0.12	0.06
17	高黎贡山 Gaoligongshan	云南 Yunnan	2000	293,564	10.45	1.13	0.08	0.50
18	黄龙 Huanglong	四川 Sichuan	2000	138,000	1.96	1.38	0.39	0.39
19	山口 Shankou	广西 Guangxi	2000	8,000	10.71	3.57	0.00	0.00
20	宝天曼 Baotianman	河南 Henan	2001	90,950	6.44	1.31	0.12	0.72
21	赛罕乌拉 Saihanwula	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2001	100,506	17.89	1.93	0.10	0.41
22	达赉湖 Dalaihu	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2002	740,000	0.36	0.17	0.21	0.30
23	五大连池 Wudalianchi	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	2003	106,000	3.10	4.10	0.00	0.20
24	亚丁 Yading	四川 Sichuan	2003	381,506	3.19	0.00	0.16	8.69
25	佛坪 Foping	陕西 Shaanxi	2004	10,326	3.98	4.38	0.00	0.00
26	珠穆朗玛峰 Mount Qomolangma	西藏 Xizang	2004	1,823,591	11.49	0.61	0.19	2.54
27	车八岭 Chebaling	广东 Guangdong	2007	7,545	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
28	兴凯湖 Xingkaihu	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	2007	222,488	0.59	2.27	4.04	0.79
29	猫儿山 Maoershan	广西 Guangxi	2011	23,609	1.79	0.71	0.00	0.00
30	井冈山 Jinggangshan	江西 Jiangxi	2012	29,053	20.88	2.20	0.00	0.37
31	牛背梁 Niubeiliang	陕西 Shaanxi	2012	50,500	10.96	0.00	0.00	0.70
32	蛇岛-老铁山 Shedao-laotieshan	辽宁 Liaoning	2013	9,072	3.08	0.00	0.00	3.08
33	汗马 Hanma	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2015	148,948	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
34	黄山 Huangshan	安徽 Anhui	2018	42,558.48	7.16	1.59	0.27	0.80

序号 ID	保护区名称 Reserve name	所在省份 Province	加入时间 Join date	面积 Area (ha)	人与自然关系类型的面积占比 Proportion of area for each of the four types of human-nature relationships
序号 ID	保护区名称 Reserve name	所在省份 Province	加入时间 Join date	面积 Area (ha)	协调 Coordination (%)	对自然有益 Good for nature (%)	共同退化 Co-degradation (%)	冲突 Conflict (%)
1	长白山 Changbaishan	吉林 Jilin	1979	196,465	6.75	1.25	0.33	0.16
2	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	广东 Guangdong	1979	1,133.4	0.00	9.09	0.00	0.00
3	卧龙 Wolong	四川 Sichuan	1979	200,000	4.99	0.94	0.11	0.22
4	梵净山 Fanjingshan	贵州 Guizhou	1986	38,300	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
5	武夷山 Wuyishan	福建 Fujian	1987	56,527	5.27	0.21	0.21	0.00
6	锡林郭勒 Xilinguole	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	1987	1,077,450	1.16	0.16	0.00	0.16
7	博格达 Bogda	新疆 Xinjiang	1990	128,690	17.04	0.48	0.06	1.15
8	神农架 Shennongjia	湖北 Hubei	1990	70,467	1.11	2.55	0.32	0.00
9	盐城 Yancheng	江苏 Jiangsu	1992	280,000	8.35	3.80	1.77	1.77
10	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	云南 Yunnan	1993	241,700	1.05	0.10	0.14	4.83
11	茂兰 Maolan	贵州 Guizhou	1996	21,330	0.62	1.23	1.23	1.23
12	天目山 Tianmushan	浙江 Zhejiang	1996	54,700	8.82	0.00	0.00	0.00
13	丰林 Fenglin	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	1997	28,353	8.57	28.57	0.00	0.00
14	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	四川 Sichuan	1997	106,090	3.09	0.28	0.66	5.06
15	南麂列岛 Nanjiliedao	浙江 Zhejiang	1998	20,629	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
16	白水江 Baishuijiang	甘肃 Gansu	2000	213,750	5.36	3.13	0.12	0.06
17	高黎贡山 Gaoligongshan	云南 Yunnan	2000	293,564	10.45	1.13	0.08	0.50
18	黄龙 Huanglong	四川 Sichuan	2000	138,000	1.96	1.38	0.39	0.39
19	山口 Shankou	广西 Guangxi	2000	8,000	10.71	3.57	0.00	0.00
20	宝天曼 Baotianman	河南 Henan	2001	90,950	6.44	1.31	0.12	0.72
21	赛罕乌拉 Saihanwula	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2001	100,506	17.89	1.93	0.10	0.41
22	达赉湖 Dalaihu	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2002	740,000	0.36	0.17	0.21	0.30
23	五大连池 Wudalianchi	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	2003	106,000	3.10	4.10	0.00	0.20
24	亚丁 Yading	四川 Sichuan	2003	381,506	3.19	0.00	0.16	8.69
25	佛坪 Foping	陕西 Shaanxi	2004	10,326	3.98	4.38	0.00	0.00
26	珠穆朗玛峰 Mount Qomolangma	西藏 Xizang	2004	1,823,591	11.49	0.61	0.19	2.54
27	车八岭 Chebaling	广东 Guangdong	2007	7,545	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
28	兴凯湖 Xingkaihu	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	2007	222,488	0.59	2.27	4.04	0.79
29	猫儿山 Maoershan	广西 Guangxi	2011	23,609	1.79	0.71	0.00	0.00
30	井冈山 Jinggangshan	江西 Jiangxi	2012	29,053	20.88	2.20	0.00	0.37
31	牛背梁 Niubeiliang	陕西 Shaanxi	2012	50,500	10.96	0.00	0.00	0.70
32	蛇岛-老铁山 Shedao-laotieshan	辽宁 Liaoning	2013	9,072	3.08	0.00	0.00	3.08
33	汗马 Hanma	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	2015	148,948	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
34	黄山 Huangshan	安徽 Anhui	2018	42,558.48	7.16	1.59	0.27	0.80