生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 24478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024478 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024478
所属专题: 昆蒙框架目标12下的中国城市生物多样性研究专辑
徐欢1,#, 辛凤飞1,#, 施宏亮2, 袁琳3,4, 薄顺奇5, 赵欣怡6, 邓帅涛1, 潘婷婷1, 余婧1, 孙赛赛1, 薛程1,7,*()
收稿日期:
2024-10-31
接受日期:
2025-02-12
出版日期:
2025-05-20
发布日期:
2025-06-23
通讯作者:
薛程
作者简介:
第一联系人:#共同第一作者
基金资助:
Huan Xu1,#, Fengfei Xin1,#, Hongliang Shi2, Lin Yuan3,4, Shunqi Bo5, Xinyi Zhao6, Shuaitao Deng1, Tingting Pan1, Jing Yu1, Saisai Sun1, Cheng Xue1,7,*()
Received:
2024-10-31
Accepted:
2025-02-12
Online:
2025-05-20
Published:
2025-06-23
Contact:
Cheng Xue
About author:
First author contact:#Co-first authors
Supported by:
摘要:
开展河口湿地修复并探究修复技术对栖息生境与鸟类多样性的影响是城市生物多样性保护与可持续利用的重要一环, 也是践行《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023‒2030年)》与履行《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会通过的《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的重要内容。本研究以长江口北支为研究区域, 通过对比分析当前区域内存在的生态环境问题, 提出了针对性的修复方案, 开展了集成的生态修复技术应用。在生态修复工程结束后结合机器学习与野外调查的方法, 评估了生态修复后长江口生境以及鸟类多样性与生态受损前的恢复程度。本研究表明互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)治理、光滩营造、潮沟构建及本土盐沼植物群落恢复是提升河口湿地生境异质性、增加鸟类多样性的关键手段。本次生态修复后互花米草治理面积为12.97 ha, 芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落恢复面积9.15 ha, 潮沟构建长度为600 m; 芦苇种植区的鸟类多样性恢复情况最好, 冬季和春季的鸟类种数、数量和多样性指数均超过了2018年时生态未受损的水平, 最高记录到鸟类18种178只次; 潮沟营造区春季的鸟类种类、数量和多样性指数已恢复至原先的水平, 最高记录到13种68只次; 互花米草治理区的鸟类多样性恢复情况还与原先的水平有一定差距, 最高记录到鸟类8种90只次。本研究比较并揭示了不同修复技术对河口湿地生境及鸟类多样性提升的效果, 通过与国内外的生态修复工程开展对比分析, 可为我国开展后续生态修复提供经验借鉴, 并为退化河口湿地开展集成修复后的系统性生物多样性评价、城市生物多样性保护与可持续利用提供科学支撑。
徐欢, 辛凤飞, 施宏亮, 袁琳, 薄顺奇, 赵欣怡, 邓帅涛, 潘婷婷, 余婧, 孙赛赛, 薛程 (2025) 生态修复技术集成应用对长江口北支生境与鸟类多样性提升效果评估. 生物多样性, 33, 24478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024478.
Huan Xu, Fengfei Xin, Hongliang Shi, Lin Yuan, Shunqi Bo, Xinyi Zhao, Shuaitao Deng, Tingting Pan, Jing Yu, Saisai Sun, Cheng Xue (2025) Evaluation of effects of integrated ecological restoration technology on habitat and bird diversity improvement in the North Branch of Yangtze River Estuary. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024478.
地物类别 Land cover types | 影像特征 Image features | 现场特征 Site features | 成像时间 Imaging time | |
---|---|---|---|---|
影像缩略图 Image thumbnail | 特征描述 Characterization | 现场照片缩略图 Site photo thumbnail | ||
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora | ![]() | 灰黑, 光滑 Grayish-black and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
糙叶薹草 Carex scabrifolia | ![]() | 灰黄, 光滑 Gray-yellow and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
芦苇 Phragmites australis | ![]() | 墨绿色, 粗糙 Dark green and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.08 |
芦苇 Phragmites australis | ![]() | 黑色, 粗糙 Near-black and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.11 |
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora | ![]() | 灰色, 较光滑 Gray and relatively smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca | ![]() | 红黑, 粗糙 Reddish-black and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca | ![]() | 连片, 绿色, 光滑 Continuously distributed with a green and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
光滩 Mudflat | ![]() | 土灰色, 相对光滑 Soil-gray and a relatively smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
表1 不同时间尺度下基于无人机可见光影像的地物特征信息
Table 1 Land surface feature information based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visible-light images at multiple temporal scales
地物类别 Land cover types | 影像特征 Image features | 现场特征 Site features | 成像时间 Imaging time | |
---|---|---|---|---|
影像缩略图 Image thumbnail | 特征描述 Characterization | 现场照片缩略图 Site photo thumbnail | ||
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora | ![]() | 灰黑, 光滑 Grayish-black and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
糙叶薹草 Carex scabrifolia | ![]() | 灰黄, 光滑 Gray-yellow and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
芦苇 Phragmites australis | ![]() | 墨绿色, 粗糙 Dark green and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.08 |
芦苇 Phragmites australis | ![]() | 黑色, 粗糙 Near-black and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.11 |
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora | ![]() | 灰色, 较光滑 Gray and relatively smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca | ![]() | 红黑, 粗糙 Reddish-black and rough in texture | ![]() | 2023.04 |
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca | ![]() | 连片, 绿色, 光滑 Continuously distributed with a green and smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
光滩 Mudflat | ![]() | 土灰色, 相对光滑 Soil-gray and a relatively smooth in texture | ![]() | 2024.08 |
图4 长江口北支生态修复工程后区域现状。(A)本土盐沼植被恢复; (B)柔性护坡技术; (C)潮沟营造; (D)光滩营造。
Fig. 4 Current situation of the area after ecological restoration project in the North Branch of Yangtze River Estuary. (A) Native salt marsh vegetation restoration; (B) Flexible slope protection technology; (C) Tidal creek construction; (D) Mudflat construction.
图8 长江口北支生态修复前后各区域鸟类群落结构特征比较
Fig. 8 Comparison of bird community structure characteristics in each region before and after ecological restoration of the North Branch of Yangtze River Estuary
物种 Species | 保护级别 Protection level | 芦苇种植区 Reed planting area | 潮沟营造区 Tidal creek construction area | 互花米草治理区 Spartina alterniflora control area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
雁形目 Anseriformes | |||||
鸭科 Anatidae | |||||
斑嘴鸭 Anas zonorhyncha | - | 47 | 2 | 0 | |
绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos | - | 73 | 0 | 1 | |
翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna | - | 20 | 0 | 0 | |
鸡形目 Galliformes | |||||
雉科 Phasianidae | |||||
雉鸡 Phasianus colchicus | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
鹳形目 Ciconiformes | |||||
鹳科 Ciconiidae | |||||
东方白鹳 Ciconia boyciana | I | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes | |||||
鹮科 Threskiorothidae | |||||
白琵鹭 Platalea leucorodia | II | 2 | 3 | 0 | |
鹭科 Ardeidae | |||||
夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax | - | 2 | 5 | 0 | |
牛背鹭 Bubulcus coromandus | - | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
苍鹭 Ardea cinerea | - | 21 | 12 | 14 | |
大白鹭 Ardea alba | - | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
中白鹭 Ardea intermedia | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
白鹭 Egretta garzetta | - | 57 | 6 | 6 | |
鲣鸟目 Suliformes | |||||
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae | |||||
普通鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | - | 18 | 3 | 0 | |
鹰形目 Accipitriformes | |||||
鹗科 Pandionidae | |||||
鹗 Pandion haliaetus | II | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
鹰科 Accipitridae | |||||
黑翅鸢 Elanus caeruleus | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus | II | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
普通鵟 Buteo japonicus | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
鸻形目 Charadriiformes | |||||
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae | |||||
反嘴鹬 Recurvirostra avosetta | - | 14 | 0 | 14 | |
金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
环颈鸻 Charadrius alexandrinus | - | 1 | 5 | 0 | |
燕鸻科 Glareolidae | |||||
普通燕鸻 Glareola maldivarum | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
鹬科 Scolopacidae | |||||
中杓鹬 Numenius phaeopus | - | 5 | 8 | 1 | |
翻石鹬 Arenaria interpres | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
大滨鹬 Calidris tenuirostris | II | 12 | 0 | 0 | |
红颈滨鹬 Calidris ruficollis | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
黑腹滨鹬 Calidris alpina | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
矶鹬 Actitis hypoleucos | - | 7 | 2 | 0 | |
红脚鹬 Tringa totanus | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
翘嘴鹬 Xenus cinereus | - | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
鹤鹬 Tringa erythropus | - | 50 | 0 | 0 | |
青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia | - | 11 | 5 | 1 | |
鸥科 Laridae | |||||
黑嘴鸥 Saundersilarus saundersi | I | 103 | 6 | 118 | |
西伯利亚银鸥 Larus vegae | - | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
鸥嘴噪鸥 Gelochelidon nilotica | - | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo | - | 7 | 8 | 0 | |
须浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida | - | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
白翅浮鸥 Chlidonias leucopterus | - | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
鸽形目 Columbiformes | |||||
鸠鸽科 Columbidae | |||||
珠颈斑鸠 Spilopelia chinensis | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹃形目 Cuculiformes | |||||
杜鹃科 Cuculidae | |||||
大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus | - | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
隼形目 Falconiformes | |||||
隼科 Falconidae | |||||
红隼 Falco tinnunculus | II | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
雀形目 Passeriformes | |||||
伯劳科 Laniidae | |||||
棕背伯劳 Lanius schach | - | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
卷尾科 Dicruridae | |||||
黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鸦科 Corvidae | |||||
喜鹊 Pica serica | - | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
燕科 Hirundinidae | |||||
家燕 Hirundo rustica | - | 18 | 32 | 10 | |
树莺科 Cettiidae | |||||
强脚树莺 Horornis fortipes | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
苇莺科 Acrocephalidae | |||||
东方大苇莺 Acrocephalus orientalis | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
扇尾莺科 Cisticolidae | |||||
纯色山鹪莺 Prinia striata | - | 6 | 8 | 0 | |
鸦雀科 Paradoxornithidae | |||||
棕头鸦雀 Sinosuthora webbiana | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
震旦鸦雀 Paradoxornis heudei | II | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹟科 Muscicapidae | |||||
北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus | - | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
雀科 Passeridae | |||||
麻雀 Passer montanus | - | 2 | 37 | 0 | |
鹡鸰科 Motacillidae | |||||
白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba | - | 1 | 0 | 0 |
表2 2024年度各区域鸟类调查名录
Table 2 List of birds in each area in 2024
物种 Species | 保护级别 Protection level | 芦苇种植区 Reed planting area | 潮沟营造区 Tidal creek construction area | 互花米草治理区 Spartina alterniflora control area | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
雁形目 Anseriformes | |||||
鸭科 Anatidae | |||||
斑嘴鸭 Anas zonorhyncha | - | 47 | 2 | 0 | |
绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos | - | 73 | 0 | 1 | |
翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna | - | 20 | 0 | 0 | |
鸡形目 Galliformes | |||||
雉科 Phasianidae | |||||
雉鸡 Phasianus colchicus | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
鹳形目 Ciconiformes | |||||
鹳科 Ciconiidae | |||||
东方白鹳 Ciconia boyciana | I | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes | |||||
鹮科 Threskiorothidae | |||||
白琵鹭 Platalea leucorodia | II | 2 | 3 | 0 | |
鹭科 Ardeidae | |||||
夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax | - | 2 | 5 | 0 | |
牛背鹭 Bubulcus coromandus | - | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
苍鹭 Ardea cinerea | - | 21 | 12 | 14 | |
大白鹭 Ardea alba | - | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
中白鹭 Ardea intermedia | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
白鹭 Egretta garzetta | - | 57 | 6 | 6 | |
鲣鸟目 Suliformes | |||||
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae | |||||
普通鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | - | 18 | 3 | 0 | |
鹰形目 Accipitriformes | |||||
鹗科 Pandionidae | |||||
鹗 Pandion haliaetus | II | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
鹰科 Accipitridae | |||||
黑翅鸢 Elanus caeruleus | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus | II | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
普通鵟 Buteo japonicus | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
鸻形目 Charadriiformes | |||||
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae | |||||
反嘴鹬 Recurvirostra avosetta | - | 14 | 0 | 14 | |
金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
环颈鸻 Charadrius alexandrinus | - | 1 | 5 | 0 | |
燕鸻科 Glareolidae | |||||
普通燕鸻 Glareola maldivarum | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
鹬科 Scolopacidae | |||||
中杓鹬 Numenius phaeopus | - | 5 | 8 | 1 | |
翻石鹬 Arenaria interpres | II | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
大滨鹬 Calidris tenuirostris | II | 12 | 0 | 0 | |
红颈滨鹬 Calidris ruficollis | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
黑腹滨鹬 Calidris alpina | - | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
矶鹬 Actitis hypoleucos | - | 7 | 2 | 0 | |
红脚鹬 Tringa totanus | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
翘嘴鹬 Xenus cinereus | - | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
鹤鹬 Tringa erythropus | - | 50 | 0 | 0 | |
青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia | - | 11 | 5 | 1 | |
鸥科 Laridae | |||||
黑嘴鸥 Saundersilarus saundersi | I | 103 | 6 | 118 | |
西伯利亚银鸥 Larus vegae | - | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
鸥嘴噪鸥 Gelochelidon nilotica | - | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo | - | 7 | 8 | 0 | |
须浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida | - | 3 | 2 | 5 | |
白翅浮鸥 Chlidonias leucopterus | - | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
鸽形目 Columbiformes | |||||
鸠鸽科 Columbidae | |||||
珠颈斑鸠 Spilopelia chinensis | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹃形目 Cuculiformes | |||||
杜鹃科 Cuculidae | |||||
大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus | - | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
隼形目 Falconiformes | |||||
隼科 Falconidae | |||||
红隼 Falco tinnunculus | II | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
雀形目 Passeriformes | |||||
伯劳科 Laniidae | |||||
棕背伯劳 Lanius schach | - | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
卷尾科 Dicruridae | |||||
黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鸦科 Corvidae | |||||
喜鹊 Pica serica | - | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
燕科 Hirundinidae | |||||
家燕 Hirundo rustica | - | 18 | 32 | 10 | |
树莺科 Cettiidae | |||||
强脚树莺 Horornis fortipes | - | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
苇莺科 Acrocephalidae | |||||
东方大苇莺 Acrocephalus orientalis | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
扇尾莺科 Cisticolidae | |||||
纯色山鹪莺 Prinia striata | - | 6 | 8 | 0 | |
鸦雀科 Paradoxornithidae | |||||
棕头鸦雀 Sinosuthora webbiana | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
震旦鸦雀 Paradoxornis heudei | II | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
鹟科 Muscicapidae | |||||
北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus | - | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
雀科 Passeridae | |||||
麻雀 Passer montanus | - | 2 | 37 | 0 | |
鹡鸰科 Motacillidae | |||||
白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba | - | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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