松嫩平原异质生境对土壤线虫群落特征的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2023295

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湿地是世界上三大生态系统类型之一, 对全球气候变化具有重要的缓冲作用。生境异质性对植物群落的演替起到主导作用, 植被特征可以显著影响土壤生物群落的结构与组成, 因此生境异质性直接或间接地促进土壤食物网的多样性。为探究湿地异质生境对土壤线虫群落结构和功能的影响, 本研究选取松嫩平原5种异质生境为研究对象, 即星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)生境、小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)生境、臌囊薹草(Carex schmidtii)生境、羊草(Leymus chinensis)生境及光碱斑生境(alkali habitat), 于2022年7月对生境中土壤线虫群落、植物和土壤环境因子进行调查, 本研究采用五点法采集湿地样土后, 用改进的浅盘分离-蔗糖离心提取土壤中的线虫并进行形态学鉴定, 采用种类组成、个体密度、多样性指数、功能性指数等特征值分析土壤线虫群落结构、多样性特点, 并通过冗余分析及相关性分析探讨线虫群落与土壤理化性质和植被特征间的关系。结果表明: 不同生境的土壤线虫的分类组成不同, 5个群落间均存在差异, 总体上以捕食-杂食线虫和植物寄生线虫为主, 羊草生境中线虫群落的个体数、多样性、丰富度在采样期间均为最大值。线虫功能足迹在生境中表现为羊草 > 臌囊薹草 > 小叶章 > 星星草 > 光碱斑, 根据生境间结构指数(structure index, SI)和富集指数(enrichment index, EI)值可以得出, 未退化的臌囊薹草生境最为稳定, 光碱斑生境养分枯竭, 食物网发生退化, 表明湿地过度退化会导致地下生态系统功能同时发生退化。小叶章生境土壤线虫通道指数(nematode channel ratio, NCR)显著低于其他生境, 其土壤分解过程以真菌通道为主, 而其他生境均以细菌通道为主。ANOSIM检验结果显示, 生境异质性显著影响了4个营养类群和总体线虫群落的组成。Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析结果显示, 植物对土壤食物网的直接影响效应更为显著, 土壤理化性质则间接影响线虫群落的结构, 土壤全磷、含水量、pH值和植被中的湿生植物重要值是影响土壤线虫群落结构和组成的主要环境因子。总体来说, 臌囊薹草生境由于其食物网的稳定性对于湿地的改善和近自然修复有望产生更大的影响, 研究结果有助于从土壤生物学角度理解松嫩平原湿地地下生态系统过程和功能。

关键词: 土壤线虫, 植被类型, 群落结构, 松嫩平原, 生境异质性

Abstract

Aims: Wetlands, as one of the three major ecosystem types, play a crucial role in buffering global climate change. Habitat heterogeneity is a dominant factor in the succession of plant communities and significantly influences the structure and composition of soil biological communities, thereby directly or indirectly enhancing the diversity of soil food webs.

Methods: To determine the impact of wetland habitat heterogeneity on the structure and function of soil nematode communities in the Songnen Plain, this study focused on five heterogeneous habitats in the region. These habitats were selected based on a preliminary investigation of plant community characteristics. In July 2022, soil nematode communities, vegetation, and soil environmental factors were surveyed within these habitats. Soil samples were collected using a five-point method and nematodes were extracted using an improved shallow dish separation-sucrose centrifugation technique, followed by morphological identification. The soil nematode community structure and diversity were analyzed based on species composition, individual density, diversity indices, and functional indices. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis were employed to explore the relationship between nematode communities and soil physicochemical properties as well as vegetation characteristics.

Results: (1) Soil nematodes in the study area are mainly omnivores-predators and plant-parasites. The habitat of Leymus chinensis exhibits the highest number of soil nematode individuals, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), and Margalef species richness index. The functional footprint of nematodes in the sample plot follows this order: Leymus chinensis > Carex schmidtii> Deyeuxia angustifolia > Puccinellia tenuiflora> alkali habitat. (2) The channel index of soil nematodes in the Deyeuxia angustifolia habitat is significantly lower compared to other habitats. Fungal channels dominate the soil decomposition process in this habitat while bacterial channels dominate in others. (3) The ANOSIM test results demonstrate that habitat heterogeneity significantly influence the composition of four nutrient groups and the overall nematode community. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis reveal that total phosphorus, soil moisture content, soil pH, and the importance value of hygrophytes in vegetation are the primary environmental factors affecting the structure and composition of soil nematode communities.

Conclusions: Our research findings demonstrate that the habitat heterogeneity of the Songnen Plain has a significant impact on the community characteristics of soil nematodes. Specifically, the Leymus chinensis habitat stands out with the highest number of individuals, diversity, and richness of soil nematodes. Additionally, the stability of the Carex schmidtiiplot is expected to play a crucial role in enhancing the restoration and natural improvement of wetlands due to its stable food web. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes and functions of the underground ecosystem in the wetlands of the Songnen Plain.

Key words: soil nematode, vegetation type, community structure, Songnen Plain, habitat heterogeneity

杨舒涵, 王贺, 陈磊, 廖蓥飞, 严光, 伍一宁, 邹红菲 (2024) 松嫩平原异质生境对土壤线虫群落特征的影响. 生物多样性, 32, 23295. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023295.

Shuhan Yang, He Wang, Lei Chen, Yingfei Liao, Guang Yan, Yining Wu, Hongfei Zou (2024) Effects of heterogeneous habitat on soil nematode community characteristics in the Songnen Plain. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23295. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023295.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023295

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I1/23295

图/表 9

图1 松嫩平原采样点及其植被重要值占比

Fig. 1 Sampling plots and proportion of vegetation importance values in the Songnen Plain

图2 松嫩平原5种生境的土壤理化性质。PT: 星星草生境; DA: 小叶章生境; CS: 臌囊薹草生境; LC: 羊草生境; AH: 光碱斑生境。不同小写字母表示生境间差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Soil physicochemical properties of five habitats in the Songnen Plain. PT, Puccinellia tenuiflora habitat; DA, Deyeuxia angustifolia habitat; CS, Carex schmidtii habitat; LC, Leymus chinensis habitat; AH, Alkali habitat. SOC, Soil organic carbon; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between habitat.

图3 松嫩平原不同植被类型土壤线虫相对丰度(a)及其营养类群(b)。PT: 星星草生境; DA: 小叶章生境; CS: 臌囊薹草生境; LC: 羊草生境; AH: 光碱斑生境。BF: 食细菌线虫; FF: 食真菌线虫; PF: 植物寄生线虫; OP: 捕食-杂食线虫。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Relative abundance and trophic groups of soil nematodes in various vegetation types in the Songnen Plain. PT, Puccinellia tenuiflora habitat; DA, Deyeuxia angustifolia habitat; CS, Carex schmidtii habitat; LC, Leymus chinensis habitat; AH, Alkali habitat. BF, Bacterivores; FF, Fungivores; PF, Plant-parasites; OP, Omnivores-predators. Different small letters mean significant difference at 0.05 level.

图4 松嫩平原5种生境的土壤线虫群落生态指数。PT: 星星草生境; DA: 小叶章生境; CS: 臌囊薹草生境; LC: 羊草生境; AH: 光碱斑生境。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Ecological index values of soil nematode communities in heterogeneous habitats in the Songnen Plain. PT, Puccinellia tenuiflora habitat; DA, Deyeuxia angustifolia habitat; CS, Carex schmidtii habitat; LC, Leymus chinensis habitat; AH, Alkali habitat. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference at 0.05 level.

图5 松嫩平原不同生境中土壤线虫区系分析(基于线虫代谢足迹)

Fig. 5 Faunal analysis of the food web in different habitats of Songnen Plain (Based on nematode metabolic footprint)

图6 松嫩平原不同生境中土壤线虫群落RDA分析。Acr: 拟丽突属; All: 异矛线属; Apo1: 无孔小咽属; Apo2: 孔咽属; Cri: 轮线虫属; Dip1: 钩唇属; Dip2: 膜皮属; Epi: 表矛线属; Euc: 真头叶属; Eud: 真矛线属; Lai: 咽针属; Lep: 细齿属; Mac: 大节片属; Mes: 中矛线属; Nyg: 穿咽属; Par: 异滑刃属; Pra: 短体属; Pro: 原细齿属; Tho: 索努斯属; Tri: 三孔属; Tyl1: 垫咽属; Tyl2: 垫刃属。SOC: 有机碳; SWC: 含水量; TP: 全磷; SBD: 容重; P1: 湿生植物重要值; P3: 沼生植物重要值。

Fig. 6 RDA analysis of soil nematode communities in heterogeneous habitat types in Songnen Plain. Acr, Acrobeloides; All, Allodorylaimus; Apo1, Aporcelaimellus; Apo2, Aporcelaimus; Cri, Criconemaides; Dip1, Diphtherophora; Dip2, Diploscapter; Epi, Epidorylaimus; Euc, Eucephalobus; Eud, Eudorylaimus; Lai, Laimydorus; Lep, Leptolaimus; Mac, Macroposthonia; Mes, Mesodorylaimus; Nyg, Nygolaimus; Par, Pararotylenchus; Pra, Pratylenchus; Pro, Proleptonchus; Tho, Thonus; Tri, Tripyla; Tyl1, Tylencholaimus; Tyl2, Tylenchus. SOC, Soil organic carbon; SWC, Soil water content; TP, Total phosphorus; SBD, Soil bulk density; P1, Importance value of hygrophytes; P3, Importance value of swamp plant.

表1 松嫩平原线虫数量、营养类群、生态指数与土壤理化指标间的Pearson相关系数

Table 1 Pearson correlation between nematode abundance, trophic groups, ecological indices and soil physicochemical parameters in the Songnen Plain

指标 Index	pH	土壤有机碳 SOC	全氮 TN	全磷 TP	全钾 TK	速效氮 AN	速效磷 AP	速效钾 AK
线虫多样性指数 H'	-0.527^*	0.100	0.105	-0.008	0.077	0.130	-0.459	0.496
线虫丰富度指数 SR	-0.616^*	0.157	0.170	-0.015	0.066	0.114	-0.644^**	0.642^**
结构指数 SI	-0.607^*	0.506	0.528^*	0.697^**	-0.548^*	0.502	-0.513	0.068
富集指数 EI	-0.446	0.801^**	0.813^**	0.686^**	-0.870^**	0.783^**	-0.200	-0.070
线虫个体数 N	-0.666^**	0.207	0.219	0.101	0.062	0.100	-0.729^**	0.767^**
自由生活线虫成熟度 MI	-0.282	-0.038	-0.036	0.268	-0.031	-0.084	-0.169	-0.062
植物-寄生线虫指数 PPI	-0.231	0.035	0.034	-0.165	0.043	-0.071	0.210	0.103
瓦斯乐斯卡指数 WI	-0.038	-0.004	0.014	0.240	-0.005	0.140	-0.006	-0.032
食细菌线虫多度 BF	-0.169	0.206	0.230	-0.131	-0.015	0.229	-0.354	0.551^*
食真菌线虫多度 FF	-0.520^*	0.305	0.268	0.339	-0.054	0.210	-0.299	0.281
植物寄生线虫多度 PF	-0.119	0.332	0.333	0.086	-0.239	0.212	-0.189	0.194
捕食-杂食线虫多度 OP	-0.514	0.110	0.124	0.326	-0.092	0.075	-0.392	0.216
线虫通道比 NCR	0.386	-0.185	-0.150	-0.428	0.184	-0.102	0.008	0.181

表2 松嫩平原线虫数量、营养类群、生态指数与植物生理指标的相关系数

Table 2 Correlation coefficients between nematode abundance, trophic group, ecological index and plant physiological indicators in Songnen Plain

指标 Index	植物多样性指数 H₂'	平均高度 AH	平均生物量 AB	湿生植物重要值 P₁	中生植物重要值 P₂	沼生植物重要值 P₃	植被盖度 Coverage
线虫多样性指数 H'	0.366	0.199	-0.058	0.703^**	0.239	0.171	-0.058
线虫丰富度指数 SR	0.420	0.270	-0.103	0.752^**	0.341	0.200	-0.103
结构指数 SI	0.537^*	0.749^**	0.653^**	0.443	0.117	0.765^**	0.653^**
富集指数 EI	0.131	0.657^**	0.478	-0.507	0.534^*	0.508	0.478
线虫个体数 N	0.687^**	0.301	0.042	0.817^**	0.424	0.260	0.042
自由生活线虫成熟度 MI	0.314	0.232	0.200	0.599^*	-0.325	0.311	0.200
植物-寄生线虫指数 PPI	-0.228	-0.179	-0.548^*	0.124	0.245	-0.233	-0.548^*
瓦斯乐斯卡指数 WI	0.255	0.205	0.490	0.390	-0.255	0.250	0.490
食细菌线虫多度 BF	0.160	0.102	-0.015	-0.025	0.636^*	-0.067	-0.015
食真菌线虫多度 FF	0.613^*	0.211	0.186	0.447	-0.051	0.295	0.186
植物寄生线虫多度 PF	0.070	0.124	-0.031	-0.394	0.447	0.028	-0.031
捕食-杂食线虫多度 OP	0.455	0.368	0.264	0.764^**	-0.035	0.396	0.264
线虫通道比 NCR	-0.293	-0.202	-0.191	-0.248	0.336	-0.263	-0.191

图7 松嫩平原不同生境中土壤线虫营养类群和总线虫群落的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)和ANOSIM检验结果

Fig. 7 Non-metric multidimensional scale analysis (NMDS) and ANOSIM test of soil nematode and nematode communities in five habitats in Songnen Plain. BF, Bacterivores; FF, Fungivores; PF, Plant-parasites; OP, Omnivores-predators.

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