生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 23057. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023057
王淏林1, 张怀胜2, 朱建强2, 陈中义3, 柯雨琳1, 杨涛4, 陈卉1,2,3,*(
)
收稿日期:2023-02-21
接受日期:2023-11-14
出版日期:2024-01-20
发布日期:2023-11-29
通讯作者:
*E-mail: chenhui_17@126.com
基金资助:
Haolin Wang1, Huaisheng Zhang2, Jianqiang Zhu2, Zhongyi Chen3, Yulin Ke1, Tao Yang4, Hui Chen1,2,3,*()
Received:2023-02-21
Accepted:2023-11-14
Online:2024-01-20
Published:2023-11-29
Contact:
*E-mail: chenhui_17@126.com
摘要：
麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)是国家一级重点保护野生动物。自1980年麋鹿重引入项目开展以来, 麋鹿食物组成便一直是科研工作者研究的重点之一。本文总结了北京麋鹿生态实验中心、江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区和湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿采食的主要植物资源, 综述了常用动物食物组成研究方法, 包括直接观察法、利用法、胃含物分析法、粪便显微分析法、胃含物或粪便DNA分析法和稳定同位素技术, 并分析了个体因素、植物营养成分、植物可获得性和人为因素等对麋鹿食物组成的影响。对常用食物组成研究方法的比较分析表明, 不同方法在解析食物组成时反映的时间尺度和食物分辨率不同, 在麋鹿等大型濒危有蹄类动物研究中有其优势和局限性。现有的麋鹿相关研究表明, 个体因素所导致的生理差异和能量需求改变会影响麋鹿的食物组成; 植物营养成分包括粗蛋白、可溶性糖、纤维素等是影响麋鹿食物组成的重要因子; 植物可获得性和人为因素则通过改变食物多样性和丰富度进一步影响麋鹿的食物组成。今后, 建议研究者在明确研究目的和研究对象的基础上, 评估可用研究方法的优缺点, 选择适宜的样品采集和数据分析方法, 构建合理的食物组成研究方案。此外, 在今后的研究中, 应注重整合麋鹿相关研究结果, 利用多种方法相结合分析麋鹿的食物组成, 全面解析麋鹿的食物选择机制, 为深入研究重引入过程中麋鹿对生境破碎化、湿地退化、人为活动干扰等的响应提供指导, 进一步推进麋鹿种群发展和长效保护工作的开展。
中图分类号:
王淏林, 张怀胜, 朱建强, 陈中义, 柯雨琳, 杨涛, 陈卉 (2024) 麋鹿食物组成及其分析方法研究进展. 生物多样性, 32, 23057. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023057.
Haolin Wang, Huaisheng Zhang, Jianqiang Zhu, Zhongyi Chen, Yulin Ke, Tao Yang, Hui Chen (2024) Research progress of diet composition and its research methods for Père David’s deer. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23057. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023057.
| 环境参数 Environmental parameter | 北京麋鹿生态实验中心 Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center | 江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区 Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve | 湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地理位置 Location | 北京大兴Daxing, Beijing | 江苏盐城 Yancheng, Jiangsu | 湖北荆州 Jingzhou, Hubei |
| 地理坐标 Geographical coordinates | 39°46′ N, 116°26′ E | 33°5′ N, 120°49′ E | 29°49′ N, 112°33′ E |
| 年平均气温 Annual average temperature (℃) | 13.1 | 14.1 | 16.5 |
| 气候类型 Climate type | 温带季风气候 Temperate monsoon climate | 海洋性季风气候 Marine monsoon climate | 亚热带季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate |
| 年均降水量 Annual average precipitation (mm) | 600 | 1,068 | 1,200 |
| 海拔 Elevation (m) | 约31.5 | 0.5-1.5 | 32.9-38.4 |
| 占地面积 Area (ha) | 60 | 78,000 | 1,567 |
| 湿地类型 Wetland type | 人工湿地 Artificial wetland | 滨海湿地 Coastal wetland | 湖泊湿地 Lake wetland |
| 无霜期 Frost-free period (d) | 215 | 217 | 258 |
| 年日照时数 Annual sunshine hours (h) | 2,700 | 2,267 | 1,600 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 60.6 | 81.4 | 80.0 |
| 物种数目 Number of species | 156种鸟类、173种脊椎动物、229种植物 156 species of birds, 173 species of vertebrates, 229 species of plants | 27种兽类、222种鸟类、21种两栖爬行类、1,286种昆虫、231种高等植物 27 species of animals, 222 species of birds, 21 species of amphibious reptiles, 1,286 species of insects, 231 species of higher plants | 23种兽类、197种鸟类、25种两栖爬行类、51种鱼类、321种昆虫、320种高等植物 23 species of animals, 197 species of birds, 25 species of amphibious reptiles, 51 species of fish, 321 species of insects, 320 species of higher plants |
| 植被类型 Vegetation type | 水生植被、灌丛、乔木林等 Aquatic vegetation, bush, arboreal forest, etc. | 盐生草甸、沼泽植被、水生植被、落叶阔叶林等 Salt meadows, marsh vegetation, aquatic vegetation, deciduous broad-leaved forest, etc. | 沼泽化草甸、湖泊植被、沼泽植被、浅滩草地等 Swampy meadows, lake vegetation, marsh vegetation, shallow meadows, etc. |
表1 我国主要麋鹿分布点生境概况
Table 1 Summary of the Père David’s deer distribution point habitats in China
| 环境参数 Environmental parameter | 北京麋鹿生态实验中心 Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center | 江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区 Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve | 湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地理位置 Location | 北京大兴Daxing, Beijing | 江苏盐城 Yancheng, Jiangsu | 湖北荆州 Jingzhou, Hubei |
| 地理坐标 Geographical coordinates | 39°46′ N, 116°26′ E | 33°5′ N, 120°49′ E | 29°49′ N, 112°33′ E |
| 年平均气温 Annual average temperature (℃) | 13.1 | 14.1 | 16.5 |
| 气候类型 Climate type | 温带季风气候 Temperate monsoon climate | 海洋性季风气候 Marine monsoon climate | 亚热带季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate |
| 年均降水量 Annual average precipitation (mm) | 600 | 1,068 | 1,200 |
| 海拔 Elevation (m) | 约31.5 | 0.5-1.5 | 32.9-38.4 |
| 占地面积 Area (ha) | 60 | 78,000 | 1,567 |
| 湿地类型 Wetland type | 人工湿地 Artificial wetland | 滨海湿地 Coastal wetland | 湖泊湿地 Lake wetland |
| 无霜期 Frost-free period (d) | 215 | 217 | 258 |
| 年日照时数 Annual sunshine hours (h) | 2,700 | 2,267 | 1,600 |
| 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 60.6 | 81.4 | 80.0 |
| 物种数目 Number of species | 156种鸟类、173种脊椎动物、229种植物 156 species of birds, 173 species of vertebrates, 229 species of plants | 27种兽类、222种鸟类、21种两栖爬行类、1,286种昆虫、231种高等植物 27 species of animals, 222 species of birds, 21 species of amphibious reptiles, 1,286 species of insects, 231 species of higher plants | 23种兽类、197种鸟类、25种两栖爬行类、51种鱼类、321种昆虫、320种高等植物 23 species of animals, 197 species of birds, 25 species of amphibious reptiles, 51 species of fish, 321 species of insects, 320 species of higher plants |
| 植被类型 Vegetation type | 水生植被、灌丛、乔木林等 Aquatic vegetation, bush, arboreal forest, etc. | 盐生草甸、沼泽植被、水生植被、落叶阔叶林等 Salt meadows, marsh vegetation, aquatic vegetation, deciduous broad-leaved forest, etc. | 沼泽化草甸、湖泊植被、沼泽植被、浅滩草地等 Swampy meadows, lake vegetation, marsh vegetation, shallow meadows, etc. |
| 方法 Method | 类型 Type | 时间尺度 Time scale | 食物分辨率 Diet resolution | 主要优势 Major strengths | 主要限制 Major limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 直接观察 Direct observation | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 取决于观察时间 Depending on observation time | 食物的科、属(摄入的) Family and genus of diet (ingested) | 能确定观察动物的年龄、体型等因素 Determining the age, size and other factors of the observed animal | 需展开长时间观察且难以量化具体食物组成 Long-term observation and difficulty in quantifying specific diet composition |
| 利用法 Utilization method | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(摄入的) Family and genus of diet (ingested) | 无需直接对动物进行观察, 能确定动物取食的偏好、频率 Determining the preference, frequency without direct observation of the animal | 难以分析动物的采食痕迹 Difficult to analyze animal feeding traces |
| 胃含物分析法 Stomach content analysis | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(消化的) Family and genus of diet (digested) | 量化不同物种的采食比例 Quantification feeding proportions of different species | 需要大量样本, 取食植物种类不易观察 Need a large number of stomach contents samples and difficult to analyze |
| 粪便显微分析法 Fecal microanalysis | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(排出的) Family and genus of diet (excreted) | 量化不同物种的采食比例 Quantification feeding proportions of different species | 工作量大, 分析结果受多种因素影响 Large workload, analysis results influenced various factors |
| 胃含物或粪便DNA分析法 Stomach content or fecal DNA analysis | 分子方法, 侵入性或非侵入性方法 Molecular approaches, invasive or noninvasive method | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(消化的和排出的) Family and genus of diet (digested and excreted) | 对复杂的食物来源有较高的食物分辨率 High diet resolution for complex food sources | 无法量化具体食物比例, 样本易污染 Unable to quantify specific dietary ratios, samples easily contaminated |
| 稳定同位素技术 Stable isotope technology | 稳定同位素, 侵入性或非侵入性方法 Stable isotopes, invasive or noninvasive method | 小时/天/月/年 Days/weeks/month/years | 与食物源的分组相关(同化的) Associated with grouping of food sources (assimilated) | 能量化不同的群体, 生态位宽度, 区分营养水平 Quantification diverse groups, ecotone width, distinction of trophic levels | 模型的输出包含不确定性且受分馏值影响 Model output contains uncertainty and influenced by the fractionation values |
表2 动物食物组成研究方法比较
Table 2 Comparison of diet composition research methods for animals
| 方法 Method | 类型 Type | 时间尺度 Time scale | 食物分辨率 Diet resolution | 主要优势 Major strengths | 主要限制 Major limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 直接观察 Direct observation | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 取决于观察时间 Depending on observation time | 食物的科、属(摄入的) Family and genus of diet (ingested) | 能确定观察动物的年龄、体型等因素 Determining the age, size and other factors of the observed animal | 需展开长时间观察且难以量化具体食物组成 Long-term observation and difficulty in quantifying specific diet composition |
| 利用法 Utilization method | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(摄入的) Family and genus of diet (ingested) | 无需直接对动物进行观察, 能确定动物取食的偏好、频率 Determining the preference, frequency without direct observation of the animal | 难以分析动物的采食痕迹 Difficult to analyze animal feeding traces |
| 胃含物分析法 Stomach content analysis | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(消化的) Family and genus of diet (digested) | 量化不同物种的采食比例 Quantification feeding proportions of different species | 需要大量样本, 取食植物种类不易观察 Need a large number of stomach contents samples and difficult to analyze |
| 粪便显微分析法 Fecal microanalysis | 视觉观察, 非侵入性方法 Visual, noninvasive methods | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(排出的) Family and genus of diet (excreted) | 量化不同物种的采食比例 Quantification feeding proportions of different species | 工作量大, 分析结果受多种因素影响 Large workload, analysis results influenced various factors |
| 胃含物或粪便DNA分析法 Stomach content or fecal DNA analysis | 分子方法, 侵入性或非侵入性方法 Molecular approaches, invasive or noninvasive method | 小时/天 Hours/days | 食物的科、属(消化的和排出的) Family and genus of diet (digested and excreted) | 对复杂的食物来源有较高的食物分辨率 High diet resolution for complex food sources | 无法量化具体食物比例, 样本易污染 Unable to quantify specific dietary ratios, samples easily contaminated |
| 稳定同位素技术 Stable isotope technology | 稳定同位素, 侵入性或非侵入性方法 Stable isotopes, invasive or noninvasive method | 小时/天/月/年 Days/weeks/month/years | 与食物源的分组相关(同化的) Associated with grouping of food sources (assimilated) | 能量化不同的群体, 生态位宽度, 区分营养水平 Quantification diverse groups, ecotone width, distinction of trophic levels | 模型的输出包含不确定性且受分馏值影响 Model output contains uncertainty and influenced by the fractionation values |
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