中国海域海马的物种多样性、生态特征及保护建议

doi:10.17520/biods.2023282

生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 23282. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023282

中国海域海马的物种多样性、生态特征及保护建议

刘彩莲¹(), 张雄², 樊恩源³, 王松林⁴, 姜艳¹, 林柏岸¹(), 房璐⁴, 李玉强⁴, 刘乐彬⁴, 刘敏¹^,^*()()

1.厦门大学海洋与地球学院, 福建厦门 361102
2.中山大学生态学院, 广东深圳 518107
3.中国水产科学研究院资源与环境研究中心, 北京 100071
4.青岛市海洋生态研究会, 山东青岛 266600

收稿日期:2023-08-04 接受日期:2023-12-05 出版日期:2024-01-20 发布日期:2024-01-10
通讯作者: *E-mail: minliuxm@xmu.edu.cn
基金资助:
广东省自然科学基金(2022A1515010640);北京市企业家环保基金会(SEE-BC-0429);深圳市质兰公益基金会(2021070701C)

Species diversity, ecological characteristics and conservation measures of seahorses (Hippocampus) in China’s waters

Cailian Liu¹(), Xiong Zhang², Enyuan Fan³, Songlin Wang⁴, Yan Jiang¹, Baian Lin¹(), Lu Fang⁴, Yuqiang Li⁴, Lebin Liu⁴, Min Liu¹^,^*()()

1 College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
2 School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107
3 Natural Resource and Environmental Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100071
4 Qingdao Marine Conservation Society, Qingdao, Shandong 266600

Received:2023-08-04 Accepted:2023-12-05 Online:2024-01-20 Published:2024-01-10
Contact: *E-mail: minliuxm@xmu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)于2002年将海马属(Hippocampus)所有物种列入附录II进行国际贸易监管。2021年2月, 农业农村部和国家林业和草原局联合公布了调整后的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》, 明确将中国海域海马属所有物种(野外种群)列为国家二级重点保护动物。尽管我国高度重视海马保护工作, 但目前仍缺乏对各海区海马物种多样性以及重要生态学信息的汇总。本文通过文献资料整理, 提供了最新的中国海域分布的16种海马名录, 总结了其分布区域、栖息生境、繁殖特征等生态信息, 并归纳了不同物种的濒危等级和主要威胁因素。在16种海马中, 莫氏海马(H. mohnikei, 又名日本海马)分布范围最为广泛, 从渤海至南海均有出现。台湾、海南、广东、福建及广西沿岸海域的海马物种多样性较高。海马营底层生活, 其栖息生境十分多样化, 包括珊瑚礁、海草床、海藻场、红树林、碎石及砂泥质海床等。目前, 海马野外种群所面临的主要威胁来自于渔业兼捕及栖息地破坏。为更好地保护海马野外种群, 建议管理部门关注海马作为旗舰物种在海洋生态环境保护工作中的影响力, 建立以海马及其栖息生境为主要保护目标的国家级自然保护区或采取其他有效的区域保护措施; 加强海马保护公众宣传, 着力解决海马兼捕问题; 尽快启动全国范围的海马栖息地调查及种群数量评估工作, 识别海马关键栖息地; 提升贸易监管能力, 规范海马利用管理, 建立鉴别野生和养殖海马群体的关键技术, 以期促进对我国海马野外种群的有效保护。

关键词: 海马, 物种多样性, 保护动物, 分布, 生境

Abstract

Background & Aims: Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are well-known fishes from the family Syngnathidae, mainly due to their unique external morphology and reproductive strategy of male pregnancy. All Hippocampus species, listed in CITES Appendix II in 2002, are under trade regulations internationally. All Hippocampus species (wild populations only) inhabiting in China’s waters were listed as Category II of the National Key Protected Wild Animals in 2021. Through literature review, we (i) updated the species list of seahorses occurring in China’s waters, (ii) summarized their distribution regions, habitat and breeding features, and (iii) presented their threatened categories and threats. Our goal is to inform effective conservation measures for seahorse wild populations in China.

Review findings: In this paper, we reviewed and summarized seahorse species diversity, distributions, habitat uses, reproductive features, threatened categories, and threat factors from various reference sources, including online databases (Fishbase, The Fish Database of Taiwan, GBIF, WoRMS, IUCN), peer-reviewed papers, reports, theses, as well as informative Chinese ichthyographies. A total of 16 seahorse species were recorded in China’s waters, including 5 pygmy seahorses that are no more than 30 mm in body height. Among these, Japanese seahorses (H. mohnikei) were distributed most widely, across China’s all four seas. Crowned seahorses (H. coronatus) were only found in the Bo Hai, while Barbour’s seahorses (H. barbouri), Beibu Bay seahorses (H. casscsio, a new species found in 2016), and Tiger tail seahorses (H. comes) were only found in the South China Sea. Six species were only found in the coastal waters of Taiwan Province. Southern China, including Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, and Guangxi, has high seahorse species diversity. The habitat uses of seahorses in China’s waters are very diverse, including coral and rocky reefs, seagrass and seaweed beds, muddy and sandy bottoms, gravels, and mangrove meadows. Some species have special requirements for their habitats. According to IUCN, 8 seahorse species were listed as Vulnerable (VU), 2 species were listed as Least Concern (LC), 5 species were listed as Data Deficient (DD), and 1 species was Not Evaluated (NE). The main threats to seahorses are bycatch and habitat destruction.

Recommendations: Seahorses are a special taxonomic group of fishes with high vulnerability, and we propose five recommendations for urgent conservations of seahorses in China. First, the significance of seahorses as flagship species in marine biodiversity conservation should be realized and we need to use them to raise marine-conservation awareness of the general public. Establishing marine protected areas for seahorses and their habitats, and applying other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) might also be taken into account. Second, it is known that non-selective fishing gears such as bottom trawling have high seahorse bycatch volume, and the dredge net operations can damage seaweed beds where seahorses inhabit. Therefore, any solution for reducing bycatch, increasing survival rates of seahorses after releasing, protecting habitats and innovating fishing gears are welcome. Third, identifying the key habitats of different seahorse species in China’s waters is very important for establishing protected areas and fisheries spatial management. Currently, such data are very limited. Some key areas we synthesized in this study require national-wide surveys to validate before planning for marine reserves and OECMs of seahorses in China. Fourth, seahorse trade regulation and enforcement should be strengthened, and the management of seahorse utilization should be regulated properly. To this end, techniques to distinguishing wild populations from farmed seahorses should be established as soon as possible before the expansion of seahorse aquaculture.

Key words: seahorse, species diversity, protected animals, distribution, habitat

刘彩莲, 张雄, 樊恩源, 王松林, 姜艳, 林柏岸, 房璐, 李玉强, 刘乐彬, 刘敏 (2024) 中国海域海马的物种多样性、生态特征及保护建议. 生物多样性, 32, 23282. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023282.

Cailian Liu, Xiong Zhang, Enyuan Fan, Songlin Wang, Yan Jiang, Baian Lin, Lu Fang, Yuqiang Li, Lebin Liu, Min Liu (2024) Species diversity, ecological characteristics and conservation measures of seahorses (Hippocampus) in China’s waters. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23282. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023282.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023282

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I1/23282

图/表 4

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序号No.	中文名/英文名Common name in Chinese and English^a	拉丁学名 Latin name	全球分布 Global distribution^b		中国海域分布 Domestic distribution^c
序号No.	中文名/英文名Common name in Chinese and English^a	拉丁学名 Latin name	印度洋 Indian Ocean	太平洋 Pacific Ocean	渤海 Bo Hai	黄海 Yellow Sea	东海 East China Sea	南海 South China Sea
1	巴博海马(鲍氏海马) Barbour’s seahorse	Hippocampus barbouri	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$
2	巴氏海马(巴氏豆丁海马) Pygmy seahorse	H. bargibanti	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)	$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
3	北部湾海马 Beibu Bay seahorse	H. casscsio		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$ (仅北部湾 Only recorded in Beibu Bay)
4	克里蒙氏海马(科氏海马) Coleman’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. colemani		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)	$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
5	虎尾海马 Tiger tail seahorse	H. comes	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$
6	冠海马 Crowned seahorse	H. coronatus		$\checkmark$ (西北部 Northwest)	$\checkmark$
7	丹尼斯海马(丹尼斯豆丁海马或橘色海马)Denise’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. denise		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
8	日本豆丁海马Japanese pygmy seahorse^*	H. japapigu		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$(仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
9	刺海马 Thorny seahorse	H. histrix	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
10	克氏海马(大海马) Kellog’s seahorse	H. kelloggi	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
11	库达海马 Spotted seahorse	H. kuda	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
12	莫氏海马(日本海马) Japanese seahorse	H. mohnikei	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
13	彭氏海马Pontoh’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. pontohi	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
14	花海马 Shiho’s seahorse	H. sindonis		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
15	棘海马 Hedgehog seahorse	H. spinosissimus	$\checkmark$ (东北部 Northeast)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
16	三斑海马(斑海马) Longnose seahorse	H. trimaculatus	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)		$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$

序号No.	中文名/英文名Common name in Chinese and English^a	拉丁学名 Latin name	全球分布 Global distribution^b		中国海域分布 Domestic distribution^c
序号No.	中文名/英文名Common name in Chinese and English^a	拉丁学名 Latin name	印度洋 Indian Ocean	太平洋 Pacific Ocean	渤海 Bo Hai	黄海 Yellow Sea	东海 East China Sea	南海 South China Sea
1	巴博海马(鲍氏海马) Barbour’s seahorse	Hippocampus barbouri	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$
2	巴氏海马(巴氏豆丁海马) Pygmy seahorse	H. bargibanti	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)	$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
3	北部湾海马 Beibu Bay seahorse	H. casscsio		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$ (仅北部湾 Only recorded in Beibu Bay)
4	克里蒙氏海马(科氏海马) Coleman’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. colemani		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)	$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
5	虎尾海马 Tiger tail seahorse	H. comes	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)				$\checkmark$
6	冠海马 Crowned seahorse	H. coronatus		$\checkmark$ (西北部 Northwest)	$\checkmark$
7	丹尼斯海马(丹尼斯豆丁海马或橘色海马)Denise’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. denise		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
8	日本豆丁海马Japanese pygmy seahorse^*	H. japapigu		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$(仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
9	刺海马 Thorny seahorse	H. histrix	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
10	克氏海马(大海马) Kellog’s seahorse	H. kelloggi	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
11	库达海马 Spotted seahorse	H. kuda	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
12	莫氏海马(日本海马) Japanese seahorse	H. mohnikei	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
13	彭氏海马Pontoh’s pygmy seahorse^*	H. pontohi	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
14	花海马 Shiho’s seahorse	H. sindonis		$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$ (仅台湾海域 Only recorded in Taiwan)
15	棘海马 Hedgehog seahorse	H. spinosissimus	$\checkmark$ (东北部 Northeast)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)			$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$
16	三斑海马(斑海马) Longnose seahorse	H. trimaculatus	$\checkmark$ (东部 East)	$\checkmark$ (西部 West)		$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$	$\checkmark$

中文名/英文名 Common name in Chinese and English	全球栖息地记录Global habitat records^a	中国栖息地记录 Habitat records in China^b		水深 Water depth (m)^a		繁殖季节Breeding season^c	寿命Lifespan (year)^d		初次性成熟体高Height at first maturity (cm)^d	每胎产幼体数Number of juvenile per pouch^b	主要食性喜好Main diets^a
巴博海马 Barbour’s seahorse	海草床、珊瑚礁 Seagrass beds and coral reefs	-		0-10		-	-		8.0	-	哲水蚤桡足类、甲壳类幼虫等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as calanoid copepods and decapod larvae
巴氏海马 Pygmy seahorse	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属种类) Gorgonian corals (Muricella spp.)	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属种类) Gorgonian corals (Muricella spp.)		15-40		全年繁殖 Breeding year-round	-		1.3	-	钩虾、猛水蚤等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods and harpacticoid copepods
北部湾海马 Beibu Bay seahorse	-	-		-		-	-		-	-	-
克里蒙氏海马 Coleman’s pygmy seahorse	粗砂质底及海草床(鳗草、喜盐草) Coarse sand and seagrass beds (Zostera spp. and Halophilia spp.)	粗砂粒及藻类丰富浅海区 Shallow waters with coarse sand and seaweeds rich		0-5		-	-		-	-	钩虾、猛水蚤、糠虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods, harpacticoid copepods and mysids
虎尾海马 Tiger tail seahorse	珊瑚礁、海绵、海藻场、海草床 Coral reefs, sponges, seaweed beds and seagrass beds			0-20		全年繁殖(菲律宾) Breeding year-round in central Philippines	-		8.1	-	-
冠海马 Crowned seahorse	海藻场(马尾藻)、海草床(鳗草) Seaweed beds (Sargassum spp.) and seagrass beds (Zostera spp.)	近海多海藻区 Nearshore waters with abundant seaweeds		0-20		6-7月繁殖(日本) Breeding season June to July in Japan	3-5		6.0	-	钩虾、桡足类等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods and copepods
丹尼斯海马 Denise’s pygmy seahorse	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属、刺柳珊瑚属等种类) Gorgonian corals (e.g. Muricella spp. and Annella spp.)	柳珊瑚(刺柳珊瑚属种类^Gorgonian corals (Annella* spp.)		5-100		全年繁殖(印度尼西亚) Breeding year-round in Indonesia	-		1.1	-	-
日本豆丁海马 Japanese pygmy seahorse	岩礁、软珊瑚、仙掌藻属种类及水螅 Rocky reefs, soft corals, Halimeda spp., and hydroids	仙掌藻属种类^* Halimeda spp.		0-20^*		-	-		-	-	-
刺海马 Thorny seahorse	岩礁、海草床、软珊瑚、海绵 Rocky reefs, seagrass beds, soft corals and sponges	岩礁、海藻场 Rocky reefs and seaweed beds		5-80		-	-		7.9	-	猛水蚤、哲水蚤、糠虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and mysids
克氏海马Kellog’s seahorse	柳珊瑚、海鞭 Gorgonian corals and sea whips	砂泥海床、具海藻的岩礁、海藻场 Muddy or sandy bottoms, weedy rocky reefs and seaweed beds		20-150		-	-		15.0	-	猛水蚤、哲水蚤、钩虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and gammarid amphipods
库达海马 Spotted seahorse	砂泥海床、岩礁、海草床、红树林及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, rocky reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove meadows and estuaries	砂泥海床、具海藻的岩礁、海藻场、海草床、珊瑚礁及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, weedy rocky reefs, seagrass beds, seaweed beds, coral reefs and estuaries		0-70		全年繁殖(越南) Breeding year-round in Vietnam	-		14.0	200-1,200	小型浮游动物 Small zooplankton
莫氏海马 Japanese seahorse	海草床(大叶藻、卵叶喜盐草、泰来草、海菖蒲等)、红树林 Seagrass beds (Zostera spp., Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides) and mangroves	砂泥海床、海藻场、海草床及河口区Muddy and sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and estuaries	0-40^**		7-9月(中国)^**July to September in China			-	5.5	10-400	枝角类、短尾类等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as Penilia avirostris and species of Brachyura
彭氏海马 Pontoh’s pygmy seahorse	仙掌藻属种类、软珊瑚、柏状羽螅 Halimeda spp., soft corals and the Aglaophenia cupressina	仙掌藻属种类、柏状羽螅 Halimeda spp. and Aglaophenia cupressina		10-25		-	-		-	-	-
花海马 Shiho’s seahorse	海藻场、海草床、珊瑚 Seaweed beds, seagrass beds and corals	具海藻场的岩礁 Weedy rocky reefs		0-20		-	-		4.0	-	-
棘海马 Hedgehog seahorse	软珊瑚、海藻场、海草床、珊瑚礁 Soft corals, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and coral reefs	砂泥海床、海藻场、海草床、具海藻的岩礁 Muddy or sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and weedy rocky reefs		5-70		全年繁殖, 高峰5-10月(越南) Breeding year-round and peaking May to October in Vietnam	-		10.4	-	-
三斑海马 Longnose seahorse	砾石及砂泥海床、海藻场、软珊瑚 Muddy, sandy or gravel bottoms, seaweed beds and soft corals	砂泥海床、海藻场、岩礁、红树林及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, rocky reefs, mangroves and estuaries		10-100		全年繁殖, 高峰3-5月和10月(越南) Breeding year-round and peaking March to May and October in Vietnam	3		14.0	300-1,200	端足类、磷虾等小型浮游甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as amphipoda and euphausiid

中文名/英文名 Common name in Chinese and English	全球栖息地记录Global habitat records^a	中国栖息地记录 Habitat records in China^b		水深 Water depth (m)^a		繁殖季节Breeding season^c	寿命Lifespan (year)^d		初次性成熟体高Height at first maturity (cm)^d	每胎产幼体数Number of juvenile per pouch^b	主要食性喜好Main diets^a
巴博海马 Barbour’s seahorse	海草床、珊瑚礁 Seagrass beds and coral reefs	-		0-10		-	-		8.0	-	哲水蚤桡足类、甲壳类幼虫等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as calanoid copepods and decapod larvae
巴氏海马 Pygmy seahorse	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属种类) Gorgonian corals (Muricella spp.)	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属种类) Gorgonian corals (Muricella spp.)		15-40		全年繁殖 Breeding year-round	-		1.3	-	钩虾、猛水蚤等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods and harpacticoid copepods
北部湾海马 Beibu Bay seahorse	-	-		-		-	-		-	-	-
克里蒙氏海马 Coleman’s pygmy seahorse	粗砂质底及海草床(鳗草、喜盐草) Coarse sand and seagrass beds (Zostera spp. and Halophilia spp.)	粗砂粒及藻类丰富浅海区 Shallow waters with coarse sand and seaweeds rich		0-5		-	-		-	-	钩虾、猛水蚤、糠虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods, harpacticoid copepods and mysids
虎尾海马 Tiger tail seahorse	珊瑚礁、海绵、海藻场、海草床 Coral reefs, sponges, seaweed beds and seagrass beds			0-20		全年繁殖(菲律宾) Breeding year-round in central Philippines	-		8.1	-	-
冠海马 Crowned seahorse	海藻场(马尾藻)、海草床(鳗草) Seaweed beds (Sargassum spp.) and seagrass beds (Zostera spp.)	近海多海藻区 Nearshore waters with abundant seaweeds		0-20		6-7月繁殖(日本) Breeding season June to July in Japan	3-5		6.0	-	钩虾、桡足类等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as gammarid amphipods and copepods
丹尼斯海马 Denise’s pygmy seahorse	柳珊瑚(小尖柳珊瑚属、刺柳珊瑚属等种类) Gorgonian corals (e.g. Muricella spp. and Annella spp.)	柳珊瑚(刺柳珊瑚属种类^Gorgonian corals (Annella* spp.)		5-100		全年繁殖(印度尼西亚) Breeding year-round in Indonesia	-		1.1	-	-
日本豆丁海马 Japanese pygmy seahorse	岩礁、软珊瑚、仙掌藻属种类及水螅 Rocky reefs, soft corals, Halimeda spp., and hydroids	仙掌藻属种类^* Halimeda spp.		0-20^*		-	-		-	-	-
刺海马 Thorny seahorse	岩礁、海草床、软珊瑚、海绵 Rocky reefs, seagrass beds, soft corals and sponges	岩礁、海藻场 Rocky reefs and seaweed beds		5-80		-	-		7.9	-	猛水蚤、哲水蚤、糠虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and mysids
克氏海马Kellog’s seahorse	柳珊瑚、海鞭 Gorgonian corals and sea whips	砂泥海床、具海藻的岩礁、海藻场 Muddy or sandy bottoms, weedy rocky reefs and seaweed beds		20-150		-	-		15.0	-	猛水蚤、哲水蚤、钩虾等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and gammarid amphipods
库达海马 Spotted seahorse	砂泥海床、岩礁、海草床、红树林及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, rocky reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove meadows and estuaries	砂泥海床、具海藻的岩礁、海藻场、海草床、珊瑚礁及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, weedy rocky reefs, seagrass beds, seaweed beds, coral reefs and estuaries		0-70		全年繁殖(越南) Breeding year-round in Vietnam	-		14.0	200-1,200	小型浮游动物 Small zooplankton
莫氏海马 Japanese seahorse	海草床(大叶藻、卵叶喜盐草、泰来草、海菖蒲等)、红树林 Seagrass beds (Zostera spp., Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides) and mangroves	砂泥海床、海藻场、海草床及河口区Muddy and sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and estuaries	0-40^**		7-9月(中国)^**July to September in China			-	5.5	10-400	枝角类、短尾类等小型甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as Penilia avirostris and species of Brachyura
彭氏海马 Pontoh’s pygmy seahorse	仙掌藻属种类、软珊瑚、柏状羽螅 Halimeda spp., soft corals and the Aglaophenia cupressina	仙掌藻属种类、柏状羽螅 Halimeda spp. and Aglaophenia cupressina		10-25		-	-		-	-	-
花海马 Shiho’s seahorse	海藻场、海草床、珊瑚 Seaweed beds, seagrass beds and corals	具海藻场的岩礁 Weedy rocky reefs		0-20		-	-		4.0	-	-
棘海马 Hedgehog seahorse	软珊瑚、海藻场、海草床、珊瑚礁 Soft corals, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and coral reefs	砂泥海床、海藻场、海草床、具海藻的岩礁 Muddy or sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, seagrass beds and weedy rocky reefs		5-70		全年繁殖, 高峰5-10月(越南) Breeding year-round and peaking May to October in Vietnam	-		10.4	-	-
三斑海马 Longnose seahorse	砾石及砂泥海床、海藻场、软珊瑚 Muddy, sandy or gravel bottoms, seaweed beds and soft corals	砂泥海床、海藻场、岩礁、红树林及河口区 Muddy or sandy bottoms, seaweed beds, rocky reefs, mangroves and estuaries		10-100		全年繁殖, 高峰3-5月和10月(越南) Breeding year-round and peaking March to May and October in Vietnam	3		14.0	300-1,200	端足类、磷虾等小型浮游甲壳类 Small crustaceans, such as amphipoda and euphausiid

物种中文名/英文名 Common species name in Chinese and English	IUCN红色名录等级及评估时间 IUCN Red List category (assessed year)^a	全球种群趋势Global population trend^a	主要威胁Main threats^a	中国物种红色名录 China Species Red List^b
巴博海马 Barbour’s seahorse	易危 VU (2017)	下降 Decreasing	目标种捕捞、兼捕、栖息地(海草床)丧失 Targeted fishery, bycatch, and habitat (seagrass beds) loss	未评估 NE
巴氏海马 Pygmy seahorse	数据不足 DD (2016)	未知 Unknown	栖息地(珊瑚礁)破坏和丧失 Habitat (coral reefs) destruction and loss	未评估 NE
北部湾海马 Beibu Bay seahorse	数据不足 DD (2017)	未知 Unknown	未知 Unknown	未评估 NE
克里蒙氏海马 Coleman’s pygmy seahorse	数据不足 DD (2016)	未知 Unknown	未知 Unknown	未评估 NE
虎尾海马 Tiger tail seahorse	易危 VU (2013)	下降 Decreasing	目标种捕捞、栖息地破坏、兼捕 Targeted fishery, habitat destruction, and bycatch	未评估 NE
冠海马 Crowned seahorse	数据不足 DD (2015)	未知 Unknown	栖息地(海草床)破坏 Habitat (seagrass beds) destruction	濒危 EN
丹尼斯海马 Denise’s pygmy seahorse	数据不足 DD (2015)	未知 Unknown	栖息地(珊瑚礁)破坏 Habitat (coral reefs) destruction	未评估 NE
日本豆丁海马 Japanese pygmy seahorse	未评估 NE	未知 Unknown	未知 Unknown	未评估 NE
刺海马 Thorny seahorse	易危 VU (2017)	下降 Decreasing	兼捕、目标种捕捞、栖息地破坏 Bycatch, targeted fishery, and habitat destruction	濒危 EN
克氏海马 Kellog’s seahorse	易危 VU (2017)	下降 Decreasing	兼捕、目标种捕捞、栖息地破坏 Bycatch, targeted fishery, and habitat destruction	濒危 EN
库达海马 Spotted seahorse	易危 VU (2012)	下降 Decreasing	兼捕、目标种捕捞、栖息地破坏 Bycatch, targeted fishery, and habitat destruction	濒危 EN
莫氏海马 Japanese seahorse	易危 VU (2016)	下降 Decreasing	目标种捕捞、兼捕、栖息地(海草床、红树林)丧失 Targeted fishery, bycatch, and habitat (seagrass and mangrove) loss	易危 VU
彭氏海马 Pontoh’s pygmy seahorse	无危 LC (2016)	未知 Unknown	栖息地(珊瑚藻属的海藻场)丧失 Habitat (seaweed beds of Halimeda spp.) loss	未评估 NE
花海马 Shiho’s seahorse	无危 LC (2016)	未知 Unknown	栖息地(珊瑚礁、海草床)破坏和丧失、目标种捕捞、兼捕 Habitat (coral reef and seagrass beds) destruction and loss, targeted fishery, and bycatch	未评估 NE
棘海马 Hedgehog seahorse	易危 VU (2016)	下降 Decreasing	兼捕 Bycatch	未评估 NE
三斑海马 Longnose seahorse	易危 VU (2012)	下降 Decreasing	兼捕、目标种捕捞、栖息地破坏 Bycatch, targeted fishery, and habitat destruction	濒危 EN

中国海域海马的物种多样性、生态特征及保护建议

Species diversity, ecological characteristics and conservation measures of seahorses (Hippocampus) in China’s waters

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