生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 25328.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025328

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生境简化重塑榕树–榕小蜂互作网络：挥发物组成与群落结构的适应性响应

罗钰1,2,3,4#, 郑旭艳3#, 曹力1,2, 王波1,2, 彭艳琼1,2, 罗银玲3, 周会平3, 杨小芳1,2, 苗白鸽1,2, 王朝雅1,2,4*, 高洁1,2*   

  1. 1热带森林生态学实验室，西双版纳热带植物园，中国科学院，勐腊， 云南 666303; 2云南省森林生态系统稳定性与全球变化响应重点实验室, 西双版纳热带植物园，中国科学院，勐腊， 云南 666303;  3 普洱学院生物与化学学院，云南普洱 665000;  4 云南大学生态与环境学院，植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室，云南省植物繁殖适应与进化生态学重点实验室，云南 650500;  5 中国科学院大学，北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-17 修回日期:2025-10-20 接受日期:2025-12-10 出版日期:2026-02-20
  • 通讯作者: 高洁

Habitat simplification reshapes the fig–fig wasp interaction network: Adaptive responses of volatile composition and community structure

Yu Luo1,2,3,4#, Xuyan Zheng3#, Li Cao1,2, Bo Wang1,2, Yanqiong Peng1,2, Yinling Luo3, Huiping Zhou3, Xiaofang Yang1,2, Baige Miao1,2, Chaoya Wang1,2,4*, Jie Gao1,2*   

  1. 1.Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China 

    2. Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Ecosystem Stability and Global Change, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China 

    3. School of Biological and Chemical Science, Pu 'er University, Pu 'er, Yunnan, 665000, China 

    4. State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Functions and Construction, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, and School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China 

    5. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

  • Received:2025-08-17 Revised:2025-10-20 Accepted:2025-12-10 Online:2026-02-20
  • Contact: Jie Gao

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摘要： 迁地保护植物园(ex situ conservation botanical garden)作为相对均质化的人工环境，为研究植物–传粉者互作的环境适应机制提供了理想模型。榕树(Ficus spp.)与榕小蜂构成的专性互惠系统高度依赖雌花期榕果挥发物的化学通讯。榕树作为重要的观赏和生态树种，常被引种至植物园、公园等人工环境进行异地保存。然而，引种后榕树挥发物组成及榕小蜂群落结构是否会发生适应性变化尚不明确，这种生境转换是否影响其互作稳定性仍待探究。本研究以自然生境和迁地保护植物园中的大果榕(Ficus auriculata)为研究对象，采用动态顶空采样结合气相色谱–质谱联用仪(GC–MS)分析雌花期榕果挥发物，并通过雄果榕小蜂群落调查，比较两种生境下榕蜂互作的适应性差异。研究结果表明：(1)挥发物组成显著分化，自然生境以防御相关的脂肪酸衍生物为主，而迁地保护植物园中以吸引传粉蜂的萜烯类化合物为主；(2)榕小蜂群落结构差异显著，自然生境多样性更高，非传粉蜂数量显著高于迁地保护植物园；而迁地保护植物园中传粉蜂占比99.07%，远高于自然生境(76.55%)；(3)自然生境榕–蜂互作网络具有更高的连接度、模块性和稳健性，表明自然生境榕蜂关系更复杂紧密，同时模块间具有高独立性，使自然生境榕小蜂群落更加适应外界干扰，对环境变化有较强的抵抗力。而迁地保护植物园则表现出更强的专化性和嵌套性，由于环境条件均一化使榕小蜂群落对环境变化敏感性增加。本研究首次系统揭示了榕树迁地保护至植物园后挥发物–榕小蜂互作网络的适应性调整机制，证实生境简化会通过改变化学信号和生态位分配重塑共生关系。成果不仅为理解专性共生系统的环境适应性提供了理论基础，也为榕树迁地保护及生物多样性维持策略提供科学依据。

关键词: 自然生境, 迁地保护, 专性互惠系统, 挥发物, 榕小蜂群落, 互作网络

Abstract

Aim: The ex situ conservation botanical garden, as a relatively homogenized artificial environment, offers an ideal model for exploring environmental adaptation mechanisms in plant–pollinator interactions. This study aims to investigate how the translocation of fig trees (Ficus auriculata Lour.) to ex situ conservation botanical gardens influences the composition of fig volatiles, the structure of fig wasp communities, and the stability of their obligate mutualistic interactions relative to natural habitats. 

Method: We analyzed volatile compounds emitted during the female flowering phase of male fig trees using dynamic headspace sampling combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Concurrently, we collected fig wasp communities from male flowering phase figs in male trees to compare community structure and interaction networks between natural habitats and ex situ conservation botanical garden. 

Results: (1) Volatile compositions differed significantly between the two habitats. Natural habitat figs emitted more defense–related fatty acid derivatives, while ex situ conservation botanical garden figs predominantly released terpene compounds that attract pollinating wasps. (2) Fig wasp communities also exhibited marked differences. Natural habitats had higher wasp diversity and a greater proportion of non–pollinating wasps, whereas pollinators accounted for 99.07% of individuals in ex situ conservation botanical garden, compared to 76.55% in natural habitats. (3) The fig–fig wasp interaction network in natural habitats showed higher connectivity, modularity, and robustness, suggesting greater complexity and adaptability. In contrast, ex situ conservation botanical garden network exhibited stronger specialization and nestedness, with the homogenized environment increasing the sensitivity of fig wasp communities to environmental change. 

Conclusion: This study is the first to systematically demonstrate how the fig–fig wasp interaction network adapts to artificial environments through changes in chemical signaling and community structure. The results confirm that habitat simplification can reshape obligate mutualisms by altering volatile profiles and niche partitioning. These findings enhance our understanding of the environmental adaptability of specialized mutualistic systems and offer important insights for the ex situ conservation of fig trees and biodiversity management strategies.

Key words: natural habitat, ex situ conservation, obligate mutualistic system, volatiles, fig wasp community, interaction network

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