城市化对鸟类参与的种间互作的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2024048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

种间互作是物种间相互影响的核心途径, 也是生态系统功能实现的基础。随着城市化进程的加速, 城市区域不断扩张并深刻改变了自然景观。城市环境与自然环境的差异驱动了物种组成的改变, 进而影响物种之间的相互作用, 需要进一步认识和理解城市环境影响种间互作的途径与机制, 为开展城市生物多样性保护提供科学参考。本文聚焦于鸟类参与的捕食者-猎物互作、寄主-寄生虫互作、种间竞争互作、鸟类-植物互惠互作4种典型种间互作关系, 讨论了城市化对各类种间互作的影响模式与因素。城市环境中鸟类与互作类群的群落组成变化会直接改变种间互作对象, 造成原有种间互作关系的弱化和新互作关系的建立。城市化对物种表型性状、种群密度等多方面产生影响, 进而改变种间互作的强度、过程与结果。本文还以鸟类与植物间的互惠互作网络为例, 讨论了城市环境对互作网络结构的影响。目前城市鸟类参与的互作变化研究仍然主要在描述互作的变化模式, 关于互作全过程响应城市化的具体机制还缺乏全面认识, 且互作变化导致的群落组成改变、物种适应性演化等生态、演化效应还缺乏进一步研究。随着我国生物多样性保护工作的全面推进, 城市中鸟类与相关类群种间互作的监测技术有待进一步建设和完善, 并结合城市生态系统的特点发展种间互作网络的相关理论和模型, 拓展城市生态系统中鸟类种间互作研究的广度和深度, 促进城市生物多样性的保护与恢复。

关键词: 鸟类, 城市化, 种间互作, 互作网络, 生物多样性

Abstract

Background & Aim: Urbanization has caused widespread changes in species habitats, leading to changes in community composition and species traits. This process has notably transformed the interspecific interactions involving birds, but current research has limited knowledge about this change. In this paper, the modification patterns of predator-prey interactions, host-parasite interactions, competitive interactions, and mutualistic interactions involving birds in urban environments are reviewed, to provide suggestions for future research and conservation efforts on birds in urban environments.

Review Results: With increasing urbanization, the identity of species involved in various forms of interspecific interactions is directly affected by changes in species composition, leading to changes in the process, intensity, and outcomes of interspecific interactions. In predator-prey interactions, anthropogenic disturbances, enhanced resource availability, and habitat changes modify the community composition of both predators and prey. These changes affect the predation behavior of predators and the antipredator behavior of prey. In host-parasite interactions, pollution and zoonotic disease transmission change parasite taxa, while the spatial concentration and diminished diversity of urban bird communities heighten disease transmission risks. Additionally, factors such as dietary quality and environmental disturbances influence host immunophysiology. In competitive interactions, adaptation of birds to urban environment leads to intensification of competitive behavior, and stabilization of the environment and resource availability may increase competitive intensity and promote competitive exclusion. In mutualistic interactions between birds and plants, the loss of native species and the introduction of exotic species reduce the uniqueness of interactions. Landscape features such as habitat fragmentation affect spatial patterns of pollination and seed dispersal. Changes in the participants and processes of interspecific interactions can modify the nodes and edges in interaction networks and the structural characteristics of such networks, decrease in species diversity simplifies the network structure, while the loss of specialist species and rise of generalist species enhance evenness and reduce the specialization of the interactive networks.

Prospect: There are three important directions for future research on interspecific interactions in urban birds: (1) Development of methods for identifying and quantifying interspecific interactions; (2) Development of ecological network theories, including multilayer networks, in the study of interspecific interactions in urban birds; (3) Utilization of interspecific interactions to increase the effectiveness of conservation in urban bird conservation.

Key words: birds, urbanization, interspecific interaction, interaction network, biodiversity

胡志清, 董路 (2024) 城市化对鸟类参与的种间互作的影响. 生物多样性, 32, 24048. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024048.

Zhiqing Hu, Lu Dong (2024) Effects of urbanization on interspecific interactions involving birds. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24048. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024048.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024048

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I8/24048

图/表 2

图1 城市化对鸟类参与的捕食者-猎物互作、寄主-寄生虫互作、竞争互作、鸟类-植物互惠互作的影响。图中框①为捕食者与鸟类的互作过程变化, 框②为鸟类与猎物的互作过程变化, 框③为病原体传播过程变化。

Fig. 1 Impacts of urbanization on predator-prey interactions, host-parasite interactions, competitive interactions, and bird-plant mutualistic interactions involving birds. Changes in predator-bird interaction processes are shown in Box ①, changes in bird-prey interaction processes are shown in Box ②, and changes in pathogen transmission processes are shown in Box ③.

图2 二分网络结构指数与城市化对互作网络结构的影响。圆形和方形分别代表参与互作的鸟类和植物, 同一网络中不同的字母为不同的物种, 灰色线条代表存在互作。(a)网络结构指数与相应的互作网络图示, 相应的指数值在左侧的网络中较右侧更高。(b)城市化对互作网络的影响与网络结构指数的变化, 深灰色表示互作相对特化的物种, 浅灰色表示城市中的外来泛化种。

Fig. 2 Bipartite network structure indices and the impact of urbanization on the structure of interaction networks. Circles and squares in the figure represent birds and plants involved in interactions, respectively; different letters in the same network are for different species, and gray lines indicate the occurrence of interactions. (a) Network structure indices and corresponding graphical representation of the interaction network, with indices values higher in the networks to the left than those on the right. (b) The effect of urbanization on interaction networks and changes in network structure indices, with dark grey indicating species with relatively specialized interactions and light grey indicating exotic, generalist species in urban environments.

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