吉林珲春自然保护区东北虎和东北豹及其有蹄类猎物的多度与分布

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14184

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

珲春国家级自然保护区是东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)等濒危物种在中国的核心分布区。为了探究该区域野生动物的多度水平和空间分布, 了解人类干扰情况, 我们运用相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)分析了2013年4-6月设置于此的83个红外相机位点的监测数据。红外相机的总捕获天数6,060 d, 共捕获10科18种野生哺乳动物, 其中鼬科4种, 猫科动物3种, 犬科、鹿科和松鼠科各2种, 猪科、熊科、麝科、猬科和兔科各1种。研究期间共拍摄到东北虎11只个体, 东北豹13只个体。从相对多度指数来看, 东北虎的相对多度(0.84)远高于东北豹(0.48), 它们的有蹄类猎物中梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)的相对多度最高(2.18), 其次为狍(Capreolus pygargus)(1.53)和野猪(Sus scrofa)(0.92)。人类活动和放牧的相对多度水平(分别为40.64和2.76)显著高于野生动物。在空间分布上, 东北虎和梅花鹿主要在保护区的核心区分布, 且与保护区社区共管区的多度水平差异显著, 而东北豹在不同功能区之间的分布差异不显著, 狍在保护区北部的多度水平较高, 但各功能区之间差异不显著, 野猪在社区共管区的多度水平显著高于核心区。可见, 核心区频繁的人类活动和放牧活动对野生动物的保护产生了影响, 未来应加强关于人类干扰对虎、豹种群及其有蹄类猎物的影响评估。

关键词: 红外相机, Panthera tigris altaica, Panthera pardus orientalis, 多度, 空间分布, 人类干扰

Abstract

The Hunchun National Nature Reserve (HNNR) serves as core habitat for both Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) in Northeast China. To investigate the relative abundance of wildlife and human disturbance within the reserve, we analyzed images from a monitoring network of 83 camera traps deployed between April and June of 2013 in HNNR. Among the 6,060 total trap nights, 18 species of mammals were detected from the images, including four Mustelids, three Felids, two species each from Canidae, Cervidae and Sciuridae, and one species each from Suidae, Ursidae, Moschidae, Erinaceidae and Leporidae, respectively. Cameras photographed 11 tigers and 13 leopards. Relative abundance index (RAI) of tigers (0.84) was higher than that of leopards (0.48). RAIs of ungulates, from high to low, were sika deer (Cervus nippon) (2.18), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) (1.53) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) (0.92). RAI of human activities (40.64) and livestock grazing (2.76) were both significantly higher than animal species. The data also indicated that tigers and sika deer were mainly restricted to the core zone of HNNR and that their abundance was lower in the community-based natural resource management zone. In comparison, RAIs of Amur leopard were fairly similar among the three functional zones, Siberian roe deer tended to be more abundant in the northern section of HNNR but differences were not significant, and wild boar RAI was lower in the core zone. Frequent disturbance from human activities and livestock grazing throughout the core zone may be the most negative impact on wildlife in HNNR.

Key words: camera traps, Panthera tigris altaica, Panthera pardus orientalis, relative abundance, spatial distribution, human disturbance

肖文宏, 冯利民, 赵小丹, 杨海涛, 窦海龙, 程艳超, 牟溥, 王天明, 葛剑平 (2014) 吉林珲春自然保护区东北虎和东北豹及其有蹄类猎物的多度与分布. 生物多样性, 22, 717-724. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14184.

Wenhong Xiao, Limin Feng, Xiaodan Zhao, Haitao Yang, Hailong Dou, Yanchao Cheng, Pu Mou, Tianming Wang, Jianping Ge (2014) Distribution and abundance of Amur tiger, Amur leopard and their ungulate prey in Hunchun National Nature Reserve, Jilin. Biodiversity Science, 22, 717-724. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14184.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14184

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2014/V22/I6/717

图/表 6

参考文献 29

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常用名 Common name	学名 Scientific name	科 Family	保护级别 Protection Level			独立事件数 Independent events	频率 % of all captures	相对多度指数 RAI	捕获相机位点数 No. of trap sites	相机捕获率 % of all trap sites
常用名 Common name	学名 Scientific name	科 Family	国家重点保护野生动物名录 China Key Protected Wild Animals List	IUCN濒危等级 IUCN status	CITES附录 CITES appendix	独立事件数 Independent events	频率 % of all captures	相对多度指数 RAI	捕获相机位点数 No. of trap sites	相机捕获率 % of all trap sites
食肉目 Carnivora
东北虎 Amur tiger	Panthera tigris altaica	猫科 Felidae	I	EN	附录I	51	1.49%	0.84	21	25%
东北豹 Amur leopard	Panthera pardus orientalis	猫科 Felidae	I	CR	附录I	29	0.85%	0.48	15	18%
豹猫 Leopard cat	Prionailurus bengalensis	猫科 Felidae	–	LC	附录II	4	0.12%	0.07	2	2%
黑熊 Asian black bear	Ursus thibetanus	熊科 Ursidae	II	VU	附录I	4	0.12%	0.07	4	5%
赤狐 Red fox	Vulpes vulpes	犬科 Canidae	–	LC	–	58	1.70%	0.96	26	31%
貉 Raccoon dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides	犬科 Canidae	–	LC	–	13	0.38%	0.21	6	7%
狗獾 Asian badger	Meles leucurus	鼬科 Mustelidae	–	LC	–	158	4.63%	2.61	39	47%
黄鼬 Siberian weasel	Mustela sibirica	鼬科 Mustelidae	–	LC	–	2	0.06%	0.03	2	2%
黄喉貂 Yellow-throated marten	Martes flavigula	鼬科 Mustelidae	II	LC	–	17	0.50%	0.28	12	14%
水獭 Eurasian otter	Lutra lutra	鼬科 Mustelidae	II	NT	附录I	1	0.03%	0.02	1	1%
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
野猪 Wild boar	Sus scrofa	猪科 Suidae	–	LC	–	56	1.64%	0.92	31	37%
狍 Siberian roe deer	Capreolus pygargus	鹿科 Cervidae	–	LC	–	93	2.72%	1.53	45	54%
梅花鹿 Sika deer	Cervus nippon	鹿科 Cervidae	I	LC	–	132	3.87%	2.18	37	45%
原麝 Siberian musk deer	Moschus moschiferus	麝科 Moschidae	I	VU	附录II	4	0.12%	0.07	2	2%
啮齿目 Rodentia
松鼠 Eurasian red squirrel	Sciurus vulgaris	松鼠科 Sciuridae	–	LC	–	3	0.09%	0.05	3	4%
花鼠 Siberian chipmunk	Tamias sibiricus	松鼠科 Sciuridae	–	LC	–	57	1.67%	0.94	12	14%
猬形目 Erinaceomorpha
东北刺猬 Amur hedgehog	Erinaceus amurensis	猬科 Erinaceidae	–	LC	–	7	0.21%	0.12	6	7%
兔形目 Lagomorpha
东北兔 Manchurian hare	Lepus mandshuricus	兔科 Leporidae	–	LC	–	94	2.75%	1.55	16	19%
人类活动 Human activities	–		–	–	–	2,463	72.17%	40.64	82	99%
放牧 Livestock grazing	–		–	–	–	167	4.89%	2.76	14	17%
合计 Total						3,413	100%	56.33	83	–

常用名 Common name	学名 Scientific name	科 Family	保护级别 Protection Level			独立事件数 Independent events	频率 % of all captures	相对多度指数 RAI	捕获相机位点数 No. of trap sites	相机捕获率 % of all trap sites
常用名 Common name	学名 Scientific name	科 Family	国家重点保护野生动物名录 China Key Protected Wild Animals List	IUCN濒危等级 IUCN status	CITES附录 CITES appendix	独立事件数 Independent events	频率 % of all captures	相对多度指数 RAI	捕获相机位点数 No. of trap sites	相机捕获率 % of all trap sites
食肉目 Carnivora
东北虎 Amur tiger	Panthera tigris altaica	猫科 Felidae	I	EN	附录I	51	1.49%	0.84	21	25%
东北豹 Amur leopard	Panthera pardus orientalis	猫科 Felidae	I	CR	附录I	29	0.85%	0.48	15	18%
豹猫 Leopard cat	Prionailurus bengalensis	猫科 Felidae	–	LC	附录II	4	0.12%	0.07	2	2%
黑熊 Asian black bear	Ursus thibetanus	熊科 Ursidae	II	VU	附录I	4	0.12%	0.07	4	5%
赤狐 Red fox	Vulpes vulpes	犬科 Canidae	–	LC	–	58	1.70%	0.96	26	31%
貉 Raccoon dog	Nyctereutes procyonoides	犬科 Canidae	–	LC	–	13	0.38%	0.21	6	7%
狗獾 Asian badger	Meles leucurus	鼬科 Mustelidae	–	LC	–	158	4.63%	2.61	39	47%
黄鼬 Siberian weasel	Mustela sibirica	鼬科 Mustelidae	–	LC	–	2	0.06%	0.03	2	2%
黄喉貂 Yellow-throated marten	Martes flavigula	鼬科 Mustelidae	II	LC	–	17	0.50%	0.28	12	14%
水獭 Eurasian otter	Lutra lutra	鼬科 Mustelidae	II	NT	附录I	1	0.03%	0.02	1	1%
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
野猪 Wild boar	Sus scrofa	猪科 Suidae	–	LC	–	56	1.64%	0.92	31	37%
狍 Siberian roe deer	Capreolus pygargus	鹿科 Cervidae	–	LC	–	93	2.72%	1.53	45	54%
梅花鹿 Sika deer	Cervus nippon	鹿科 Cervidae	I	LC	–	132	3.87%	2.18	37	45%
原麝 Siberian musk deer	Moschus moschiferus	麝科 Moschidae	I	VU	附录II	4	0.12%	0.07	2	2%
啮齿目 Rodentia
松鼠 Eurasian red squirrel	Sciurus vulgaris	松鼠科 Sciuridae	–	LC	–	3	0.09%	0.05	3	4%
花鼠 Siberian chipmunk	Tamias sibiricus	松鼠科 Sciuridae	–	LC	–	57	1.67%	0.94	12	14%
猬形目 Erinaceomorpha
东北刺猬 Amur hedgehog	Erinaceus amurensis	猬科 Erinaceidae	–	LC	–	7	0.21%	0.12	6	7%
兔形目 Lagomorpha
东北兔 Manchurian hare	Lepus mandshuricus	兔科 Leporidae	–	LC	–	94	2.75%	1.55	16	19%
人类活动 Human activities	–		–	–	–	2,463	72.17%	40.64	82	99%
放牧 Livestock grazing	–		–	–	–	167	4.89%	2.76	14	17%
合计 Total						3,413	100%	56.33	83	–