古树生物文化微保护地: 一种生物与文化要素协同的创新型保护路径

doi:10.17520/biods.2025295

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

古树生物文化微保护地(ancient tree biocultural micro-conservation site, ATBMS)是一种旨在协同保护古树生物与文化要素的创新性保护路径。本文拟通过系统阐释其概念内涵与特征, 明确其在全球保护地体系中的独特定位与价值。通过系统梳理自然保护地发展历程, 对比其他有效的区域保护措施(other effective area-based conservation measures, OECMs)、植物微型保护区及自然保护小区等相关模式, 并结合案例研究, 本研究明确了ATBMS以单株或小型古树群为核心、整合其微生境与文化空间的复合特征。ATBMS的核心创新在于实现了生态-文化双维度的精细化协同保护, 填补了OECMs在文化及精细化保护方面的不足, 弥补了传统小微保护地生态-文化割裂的缺陷, 并与自然保护小区形成互补。基于此, 本研究提出了针对不同古树类型(如单株/群状、自然/栽培、城市/乡村)的差异化保护策略。本研究阐明, ATBMS能为局部生物多样性提供关键栖息地, 并承载地方传统知识与文化记忆, 是OECMs的有效补充, 为全球生物文化多样性保护提供了精微守护的创新范式。未来需深化评估指标体系、推动跨学科研究并完善社区共管机制, 以构建科学的ATBMS保护体系。

关键词: 古树生物文化微保护地, 生物文化多样性, 其他有效的区域保护措施, 微生境, 社区参与

Abstract

Background & Aims: The ancient tree biocultural micro-conservation site (ATBMS) represents an innovative conservation pathway designed to synergistically protect the biological and cultural elements of ancient trees. This paper systematically elucidates its conceptual connotation and characteristics. It clarifies its unique position and value within the global protected area system. Through a comprehensive review of the development history of natural protected areas, a comparative analysis of related models such as other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), plant micro-reserves, and small-scale natural conservation areas, and case studies.

Review Results: This research delineates the composite features of ATBMS, which centers on individual or small clusters of ancient trees while integrating their micro-habitats and cultural spaces. The core innovation of ATBMS lies in achieving fine-scale, synergistic conservation across both ecological and cultural dimensions. It addresses the gaps in OECMs regarding “cultural and fine-scale protection”, overcomes the “ecological-cultural divide” inherent in traditional small-scale protected areas, and complements small-scale natural conservation areas. Based on this, the study proposes differentiated conservation strategies tailored to various types of ancient trees (e.g., individual/clustered, natural/cultivated, urban/rural).

Conclusion: ATBMS can provide critical habitats for local biodiversity while preserving traditional knowledge and cultural memory. It serves as an effective complement to OECMs and offers an innovative paradigm of “precise and micro-scale guardianship” for global biocultural diversity conservation. Future efforts should focus on developing robust assessment indicator systems, promoting interdisciplinary research, and improving community co-management mechanisms to establish a scientifically sound ATBMS conservation framework.

Key words: ancient tree biocultural micro-conservation site, biocultural diversity, other effective area-based conservation measures, microhabitat, community participation

李小双, 马建忠 (2025) 古树生物文化微保护地: 一种生物与文化要素协同的创新型保护路径. 生物多样性, 33, 25295. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025295.

Xiaoshuang Li, Jianzhong Ma (2025) Ancient tree biocultural micro-conservation site: An innovative conservation pathway synergizing biological and cultural elements. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25295. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025295.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025295

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I12/25295

图/表 4

参考文献 59

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类型 Type	生态特征 Ecological characteristics	生态功能 Ecological function	文化价值 Cultural value	保护策略 Conservation strategy	文献 References	图例 Illustrative
空间分布格局 Spatial distribution pattern
单株古树 Single ancient tree	孤立生长, 生境异质性低, 生态关联度弱 Grows in isolation, with low habitat heterogeneity and weak ecological correlation	调节局部微气候, 构建树洞微生境(庇护微生物、小型无脊椎动物) Regulates local microclimate, constructs tree hole microhabitats (shelters microorganisms and small invertebrates)	单一文化符号(如村口“神树”、历史事件见证树) Single cultural symbol (e.g., “sacred tree” at the village entrance, witness tree of historical events)	1. 根系透气铺装; 2. 树体健康实时监测; 3. 建立古树记忆档案 1. Root breathable pavement; 2. Real-time monitoring of tree health; 3. Establishment of ancient tree memory archives	毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024; 李小双和马建忠, 2024; 吴昊宇等, 2025	Fig. 2(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g)
小型古树群(< 20株) Small ancient tree group (< 20 trees)	多株聚集, 生境连通性高, 物种交互频繁 Multiple trees gather, with high habitat connectivity and frequent species interaction	提供关键栖息地, 维持局地生物多样性, 增强水土保持功能 Provides key habitats, maintains local biodiversity, and enhances soil and water conservation functions	文化场景集中(如宗祠林、风水林) Concentrated cultural scenarios (e.g., ancestral temple forests, Fengshui forests)	1. 生境完整性保护: 划定核心保护边界, 保留群内自然连通廊道; 2. 群落协同管理: 开展生态友好型病虫害防治, 补植乡土伴生树种; 3. 社区参与: 联合在地群体延续传统护林习俗 1. Habitat integrity protection: demarcate core protection boundaries and retain natural connectivity corridors within the group; 2. Community collaborative management: conduct ecologically friendly pest and disease control and supplement native associated tree species; 3. Community participation: collaborate with local groups to continue traditional forest protection customs	矫松原, 2021; Kozák et al, 2023; 丛日晨, 2024	Fig. 2(h), (i)
起源方式 Origin type
自然古树 Natural ancient tree	原生境生长, 物种共生网络完整, 遗传多样性高 Grows in the original habitat, with a complete species symbiosis network and high genetic diversity	维持原生生态系统结构完整性, 庇护珍稀附生植物(如兰科植物) Maintains the structural integrity of the original ecosystem and shelters rare epiphytic plants (e.g., Orchidaceae plants)	承载自然崇拜与传统生态智慧(“神山圣树” 信仰) Carries nature worship and traditional ecological wisdom (belief in “sacred mountains and holy trees”)	1. 最小干预: 禁止人工修剪、保留枯落物层; 2. 物种普查: 记录伴生动植物及微生物群落; 3. 知识传承: 整理原住民传统管理知识 1. Minimum intervention: prohibit artificial pruning and retain the litter layer; 2. Species census: record associated animals, plants and microbial communities; 3. Knowledge inheritance: organize the traditional management knowledge of indigenous people	Asbeck et al, 2021; 魏瑶和何建勇, 2021; 吴昊宇等, 2025	Fig. 2(b), (c), (d), (e), (g)
栽培古树 Cultivated ancient tree	人工选育定植, 常见于园林、寺庙, 物种组成单一 Artificially selected and planted, commonly found in gardens and temples, with a single species composition	景观生态功能, 缓解城市热岛效应 Landscape ecological function, alleviates the urban heat island effect	园林艺术与宗教文化载体(如寺庙古柏) Carrier of garden art and religious culture (e.g., ancient cypresses in temples)	1. 精细化养护(定制微生物肥料); 2. 病虫害综合防治; 3. 园林文化科普导览 1. Refined maintenance (customized microbial fertilizer); 2. Comprehensive pest and disease control; 3. Popular science and guided tours of garden culture	蔡晓梅等, 2005; Arzoo et al, 2022; 毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024	Fig. 2(a), (f)
生境类型 Habitat type
城市古树Urban ancient tree	生长于公园、街道, 生境破碎化, 人为干扰强度高 Grows in parks and streets, with fragmented habitat and high intensity of human disturbance	净化空气, 提供市民休憩生态空间 Purifies air and provides ecological space for citizens’ leisure	城市历史记忆、公共文化认同(如老城区古槐) Urban historical memory and public cultural identity (e.g., ancient pagoda trees in old urban areas)	1. 干扰控制(透水铺装、游客限流); 2. 组建志愿者守护团队; 3. 纳入城市绿地系统规划 1. Disturbance control (permeable pavement, tourist flow restriction); 2. Establish a volunteer guardian team; 3. Integrate into urban green space system planning	高吉喜等, 2019; 张引等, 2023; 于元赫和杨子涵, 2024	Fig. 2(f)
乡村古树 Rural ancient tree	生长于村落、田野, 生境相对完整, 与农业生态系统关联紧密 Grows in villages and fields, with a relatively complete habitat and close connection with agricultural ecosystems	调节农业生态系统, 维持乡村生物多样性 Regulates agricultural ecosystems and maintains rural biodiversity	宗族认同、民俗活动依托(如端午祭树) Foundation for clan identity and folk activities (e.g., tree worship during the Dragon Boat Festival)	1. 保护纳入乡村振兴规划; 2. 对护树村民实施生态补偿; 3. 乡村学校开设古树文化课程 1. Integrate protection into rural revitalization planning; 2. Implement ecological compensation for villagers who protect trees; 3. Offer ancient tree culture courses in rural schools	黄宝荣等, 2020; 靳彤等, 2022; 李小双和马建忠, 2024	Fig. 2(b), (c), (d), (e), (g)

类型 Type	生态特征 Ecological characteristics	生态功能 Ecological function	文化价值 Cultural value	保护策略 Conservation strategy	文献 References	图例 Illustrative
空间分布格局 Spatial distribution pattern
单株古树 Single ancient tree	孤立生长, 生境异质性低, 生态关联度弱 Grows in isolation, with low habitat heterogeneity and weak ecological correlation	调节局部微气候, 构建树洞微生境(庇护微生物、小型无脊椎动物) Regulates local microclimate, constructs tree hole microhabitats (shelters microorganisms and small invertebrates)	单一文化符号(如村口“神树”、历史事件见证树) Single cultural symbol (e.g., “sacred tree” at the village entrance, witness tree of historical events)	1. 根系透气铺装; 2. 树体健康实时监测; 3. 建立古树记忆档案 1. Root breathable pavement; 2. Real-time monitoring of tree health; 3. Establishment of ancient tree memory archives	毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024; 李小双和马建忠, 2024; 吴昊宇等, 2025	Fig. 2(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g)
小型古树群(< 20株) Small ancient tree group (< 20 trees)	多株聚集, 生境连通性高, 物种交互频繁 Multiple trees gather, with high habitat connectivity and frequent species interaction	提供关键栖息地, 维持局地生物多样性, 增强水土保持功能 Provides key habitats, maintains local biodiversity, and enhances soil and water conservation functions	文化场景集中(如宗祠林、风水林) Concentrated cultural scenarios (e.g., ancestral temple forests, Fengshui forests)	1. 生境完整性保护: 划定核心保护边界, 保留群内自然连通廊道; 2. 群落协同管理: 开展生态友好型病虫害防治, 补植乡土伴生树种; 3. 社区参与: 联合在地群体延续传统护林习俗 1. Habitat integrity protection: demarcate core protection boundaries and retain natural connectivity corridors within the group; 2. Community collaborative management: conduct ecologically friendly pest and disease control and supplement native associated tree species; 3. Community participation: collaborate with local groups to continue traditional forest protection customs	矫松原, 2021; Kozák et al, 2023; 丛日晨, 2024	Fig. 2(h), (i)
起源方式 Origin type
自然古树 Natural ancient tree	原生境生长, 物种共生网络完整, 遗传多样性高 Grows in the original habitat, with a complete species symbiosis network and high genetic diversity	维持原生生态系统结构完整性, 庇护珍稀附生植物(如兰科植物) Maintains the structural integrity of the original ecosystem and shelters rare epiphytic plants (e.g., Orchidaceae plants)	承载自然崇拜与传统生态智慧(“神山圣树” 信仰) Carries nature worship and traditional ecological wisdom (belief in “sacred mountains and holy trees”)	1. 最小干预: 禁止人工修剪、保留枯落物层; 2. 物种普查: 记录伴生动植物及微生物群落; 3. 知识传承: 整理原住民传统管理知识 1. Minimum intervention: prohibit artificial pruning and retain the litter layer; 2. Species census: record associated animals, plants and microbial communities; 3. Knowledge inheritance: organize the traditional management knowledge of indigenous people	Asbeck et al, 2021; 魏瑶和何建勇, 2021; 吴昊宇等, 2025	Fig. 2(b), (c), (d), (e), (g)
栽培古树 Cultivated ancient tree	人工选育定植, 常见于园林、寺庙, 物种组成单一 Artificially selected and planted, commonly found in gardens and temples, with a single species composition	景观生态功能, 缓解城市热岛效应 Landscape ecological function, alleviates the urban heat island effect	园林艺术与宗教文化载体(如寺庙古柏) Carrier of garden art and religious culture (e.g., ancient cypresses in temples)	1. 精细化养护(定制微生物肥料); 2. 病虫害综合防治; 3. 园林文化科普导览 1. Refined maintenance (customized microbial fertilizer); 2. Comprehensive pest and disease control; 3. Popular science and guided tours of garden culture	蔡晓梅等, 2005; Arzoo et al, 2022; 毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024	Fig. 2(a), (f)
生境类型 Habitat type
城市古树Urban ancient tree	生长于公园、街道, 生境破碎化, 人为干扰强度高 Grows in parks and streets, with fragmented habitat and high intensity of human disturbance	净化空气, 提供市民休憩生态空间 Purifies air and provides ecological space for citizens’ leisure	城市历史记忆、公共文化认同(如老城区古槐) Urban historical memory and public cultural identity (e.g., ancient pagoda trees in old urban areas)	1. 干扰控制(透水铺装、游客限流); 2. 组建志愿者守护团队; 3. 纳入城市绿地系统规划 1. Disturbance control (permeable pavement, tourist flow restriction); 2. Establish a volunteer guardian team; 3. Integrate into urban green space system planning	高吉喜等, 2019; 张引等, 2023; 于元赫和杨子涵, 2024	Fig. 2(f)
乡村古树 Rural ancient tree	生长于村落、田野, 生境相对完整, 与农业生态系统关联紧密 Grows in villages and fields, with a relatively complete habitat and close connection with agricultural ecosystems	调节农业生态系统, 维持乡村生物多样性 Regulates agricultural ecosystems and maintains rural biodiversity	宗族认同、民俗活动依托(如端午祭树) Foundation for clan identity and folk activities (e.g., tree worship during the Dragon Boat Festival)	1. 保护纳入乡村振兴规划; 2. 对护树村民实施生态补偿; 3. 乡村学校开设古树文化课程 1. Integrate protection into rural revitalization planning; 2. Implement ecological compensation for villagers who protect trees; 3. Offer ancient tree culture courses in rural schools	黄宝荣等, 2020; 靳彤等, 2022; 李小双和马建忠, 2024	Fig. 2(b), (c), (d), (e), (g)

保护模式 Conservation model	核心保护对象 Core conservation object	文化维度 Cultural dimension	空间尺度 Spatial scale	治理主体 Governing entities	核心特色 Core features	文献 References
古树生物文化微保护地 ATBMS	单株或小型古树群及其完整的生境与文化空间 Individual ancient trees or small-scale ancient tree clusters, along with their complete habitats and cultural spaces	核心内涵(古树为文化符号, 保护融文化实践) Core connotation (ancient trees serve as cultural symbols, and conservation integrates cultural practices)	较小(一般为数百到数千平方米) Relatively small (generally ranging from several hundred to several thousand square meters)	多元协同(政府 + 社区 + 科研), 社区为核心 Multi-stakeholder collaboration (government + community + scientific research), with the community as the core	生态-文化协同保护, 填补小微尺度文化保护空缺 Eco-cultural collaborative conservation, filling the gap in micro-scale cultural conservation	段超, 2015; 毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024; 李小双和马建忠, 2024
其他有效的区域保护措施 Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)	多样(虽不以生物多样性保护为主要目标, 但可实现长期就地保护) Diverse (though biodiversity conservation is not its primary goal, it can achieve long-term in-situ conservation)	可选要素(非必需, 侧重生物多样性保护) Optional element (non-essential, focusing on biodiversity conservation)	灵活, 大小不一Flexible, with varying sizes	多元治理(政府、NGO、企业), 根据区域资源灵活调整Diverse governance (government, NGOs, enterprises), flexibly adjusted based on regional resources	覆盖保护地外区域, 灵活性强 Covers areas outside protected areas, with high flexibility	IUCN, 2022; 靳彤等, 2022; Jonas et al, 2023
植物微型保护区 Plant micro-reserve	特定珍稀濒危植物种群及其生境 Specific populations of rare and endangered plants and their habitats	无(仅关注物种生存) None (only focuses on species survival)	通常较小(几至几百平方米) Typically small (ranging from several square meters to several hundred square meters)	科研机构 + 政府, 技术主导 Research institutions + government, technology-led	单一物种精准保护 Precise conservation of a single species	Laguna, 2001; Bancheva et al, 2014; Ostalé-Valriberas et al, 2022
自然保护小区 Nature conservation community	区域性生物多样性热点(如湿地、森林片段) Regional biodiversity hotspots (e.g., wetlands, forest fragments)	可选要素(非首要目标, 生态优先) Optional element (not the primary goal, with ecology as the priority)	较大(数万到数百万平方米) Relatively large (ranging from tens of thousands to millions of square meters)	社区参与度高, 常由村集体管理 High community participation, often managed by village collectives	就地保护, 填补自然保护区网络空缺 In-situ conservation, filling the gap in the nature reserve network	廖凌云等, 2017; Zhang et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2023

保护模式 Conservation model	核心保护对象 Core conservation object	文化维度 Cultural dimension	空间尺度 Spatial scale	治理主体 Governing entities	核心特色 Core features	文献 References
古树生物文化微保护地 ATBMS	单株或小型古树群及其完整的生境与文化空间 Individual ancient trees or small-scale ancient tree clusters, along with their complete habitats and cultural spaces	核心内涵(古树为文化符号, 保护融文化实践) Core connotation (ancient trees serve as cultural symbols, and conservation integrates cultural practices)	较小(一般为数百到数千平方米) Relatively small (generally ranging from several hundred to several thousand square meters)	多元协同(政府 + 社区 + 科研), 社区为核心 Multi-stakeholder collaboration (government + community + scientific research), with the community as the core	生态-文化协同保护, 填补小微尺度文化保护空缺 Eco-cultural collaborative conservation, filling the gap in micro-scale cultural conservation	段超, 2015; 毕鹏伟和徐晶晶, 2024; 李小双和马建忠, 2024
其他有效的区域保护措施 Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)	多样(虽不以生物多样性保护为主要目标, 但可实现长期就地保护) Diverse (though biodiversity conservation is not its primary goal, it can achieve long-term in-situ conservation)	可选要素(非必需, 侧重生物多样性保护) Optional element (non-essential, focusing on biodiversity conservation)	灵活, 大小不一Flexible, with varying sizes	多元治理(政府、NGO、企业), 根据区域资源灵活调整Diverse governance (government, NGOs, enterprises), flexibly adjusted based on regional resources	覆盖保护地外区域, 灵活性强 Covers areas outside protected areas, with high flexibility	IUCN, 2022; 靳彤等, 2022; Jonas et al, 2023
植物微型保护区 Plant micro-reserve	特定珍稀濒危植物种群及其生境 Specific populations of rare and endangered plants and their habitats	无(仅关注物种生存) None (only focuses on species survival)	通常较小(几至几百平方米) Typically small (ranging from several square meters to several hundred square meters)	科研机构 + 政府, 技术主导 Research institutions + government, technology-led	单一物种精准保护 Precise conservation of a single species	Laguna, 2001; Bancheva et al, 2014; Ostalé-Valriberas et al, 2022
自然保护小区 Nature conservation community	区域性生物多样性热点(如湿地、森林片段) Regional biodiversity hotspots (e.g., wetlands, forest fragments)	可选要素(非首要目标, 生态优先) Optional element (not the primary goal, with ecology as the priority)	较大(数万到数百万平方米) Relatively large (ranging from tens of thousands to millions of square meters)	社区参与度高, 常由村集体管理 High community participation, often managed by village collectives	就地保护, 填补自然保护区网络空缺 In-situ conservation, filling the gap in the nature reserve network	廖凌云等, 2017; Zhang et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2023