中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物多样性及其分布格局

doi:10.17520/biods.2025087

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (12): 25087. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025087 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025087

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物多样性及其分布格局

卢宸祺¹^,²^,³^,^#(), 王剀¹^,²^,^#(), 于中斌¹^,²(), 吴云鹤¹^,²(), 郭宪光⁴^,^*()(), 郭鹏⁵^,^*()(), 车静¹^,²^,^*()()

¹ 中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传进化与动物模型全国重点实验室 & 云南省高黎贡山生物多样性重点实验室, 昆明 650223, 中国
² 中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心, 内比都 05282, 缅甸
³ 中国科学院大学昆明生命科学学院, 昆明 650204, 中国
⁴ 中国科学院成都生物研究所, 成都 610213, 中国
⁵ 宜宾学院农林与食品工程学部, 四川宜宾 644007, 中国

收稿日期:2025-03-12 接受日期:2025-07-14 出版日期:2025-12-20 发布日期:2026-01-09
通讯作者: * 共同通讯作者：E-mail: chej@mail.kiz.ac.cn; ybguop@163.com; guoxg@cib.ac.cn
作者简介:#共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32130015);国家自然科学基金(32400374);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2024QZKK0200);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0501);中国生物多样性监测与研究网络项目;中国西南野生生物种质资源库动物分库(https://cstr.cn/31121.02.GBOWS.AB);中国科学院战略生物资源计划;特别研究助理计划和云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”云岭学者专项和青年专项

Herpetofauna diversity and distribution patterns of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China

Chenqi Lu¹^,²^,³^,^#(), Kai Wang¹^,²^,^#(), Zhongbin Yu¹^,²(), Yunhe Wu¹^,²(), Xianguang Guo⁴^,^*()(), Peng Guo⁵^,^*()(), Jing Che¹^,²^,^*()()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation of Gaoligong Mountain, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
² Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar
³ Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
⁴ Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
⁵ Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644007, China

Received:2025-03-12 Accepted:2025-07-14 Online:2025-12-20 Published:2026-01-09
About author:#Co-first author
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130015);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400374);Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2024QZKK0200);Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0501);China’s Biodiversity Observation Network (Sino-BON);Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)(https://cstr.cn/31121.02.GBOWS.AB);CAS Biological Resources Programme;Programme, CAS Special Research Assistant (SRA) Program, and the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program (Yunling Scholar Project and Young Talent Project

1. 附录1-4.zip(210KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原是世界上最独特的地质-地理-生态单元之一。复杂的地形地貌及多样的气候环境孕育了该地区丰富的生物资源, 使其成为全球生物多样性研究和保护的热点区域。本文通过整合历史文献、野外考察数据及分类学和分子系统学研究进展, 对中国青藏高原地区的两栖、爬行动物多样性及分布进行了系统梳理, 编制形成了两大类群的物种名录。截至2024年12月31日, 中国青藏高原地区共记录两栖动物2目12科39属151种, 约占我国两栖动物总数的22.0%, 其中有尾目3科3属10种, 无尾目9科36属141种, 中国青藏高原特有种64种; 爬行动物共记录2目19科62属206种, 约占我国爬行动物总数的30.3%, 其中龟鳖目1科1属1种, 有鳞目蜥蜴亚目6科24属96种, 蛇亚目12科37属109种, 中国青藏高原特有种72种。从发表时间来看, 该地区超过1/4的两栖、爬行动物被发现和报道于过去10年间(2015-2024年)。基于《中国生物多样性红色名录》的评估, 中国青藏高原地区22.5%的两栖动物和11.7%的爬行动物正面临不同程度的灭绝风险, 而42.4%的两栖动物和43.7%的爬行动物处于数据缺乏或未评估状态。在名录基础上, 本文分别构建了两大类群县域尺度的多样性、特有性、受胁物种、数据缺乏及未评估物种和近10年新发现物种的分布格局。结果显示, 中国青藏高原地区两栖、爬行动物的分布极不均衡, 藏东南、滇西北及川西是物种丰富度、特有度最高, 受胁物种、数据缺乏及未评估物种和新发现物种数量最多的3个热点地区, 其中墨脱县在各县级行政单元中最为突出。基于以上结果, 本研究建议将上述热点地区作为未来考察的重点关注区域。此外, 该地区物种基础生物学数据缺口明显, 数据缺乏或未评估物种比例远高于国家及世界平均水平, 亟需开展针对性的种群生物学调查, 以尽快完善相关物种的保护评估。最后, 应建立长效的多样性监测和管理机制, 以应对栖息地丧失、过度利用及全球气候变化等日益加剧的威胁。

关键词: 物种名录, 西藏, 青海, 云南, 四川, 甘肃, 生物多样性, 保护

Abstract

Aims: The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the largest and highest plateau in the world, expanding across China, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, with majority of its area in China. Its complex terrain and diverse climate conditions have nurtured a rich and unique biota, making it one of the global hotspots for biodiversity research and conservation. This study focuses on the herpetofauna diversity from the Chinese part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, aiming to compile an annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the region and analyze their distribution patterns for future taxonomic and conservation works.

Methods: Following Zhang et al (2021a), we clarified the scope of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau within China, covering 220 county-level administrative units in six provinces and autonomous regions. Based on this preset geographic area, we extracted data on herpetofauna diversity and their distribution from comprehensive literature review and supplemented their distribution data with our new field records. With the checklist, we further incorporated additional information including their endemic status, conservation status, and national protection status. Finally, we analyzed the county-level spatial distribution patterns of amphibians and reptiles separately, focusing on the total species richness, endemic species, threatened species (Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), and Vulnerable (VU)), assessment-pending species (Data Deficient (DD) and Not Evaluated (NE)), and newly discovered species.

Results: As of December 31, 2024, the amphibian fauna of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau comprised of 151 species in 39 genera, 12 families, and 2 orders (Caudata: 10 species in 3 genera and 3 families; Anura: 141 species in 36 genera and 9 families), representing 22.0% of China’s total amphibian species. On the other hand, the reptile fauna of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau includes 206 species in 62 genera, 19 families, and 2 orders (Testudines: 1 species in 1 genus and 1 family; Squamata: 96 species in 24 genera and 6 families for Lacertilia, 109 species in 37 genera and 12 families for Serpentes), representing 30.3% of China’s total reptile species. Among them, 64 species of amphibian and 72 species of reptile species are endemic to the region. Notably, over a quarter of the herpetofauna species of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were either described or newly recorded within the past decade (2015-2024). According to China’s Red List of Biodiversity, 22.5% and 11.7% of the amphibians and reptiles from the region, respectively, are classified as threatened, while 42.4% and 43.7% of them respectively lack effective conservation assessments. Analysis of county-level distribution patterns reveals a clear spatial heterogeneity in herpetofauna composition across the region. Three distinct biodiversity hotspots emerge, including southeastern Xizang, northwestern Yunnan, and western Sichuan, and Medog County stands out with the highest species richness, endemism and number of new species/new records discovered among all county-level administrative regions.

Conclusion: Characterized by both a rich species diversity and a high level of endemism, the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau possesses exceptional conservation value. Southeastern Xizang, western Sichuan, and northwestern Yunnan were identified as priority regions for continuous field surveys and taxonomic studies in the future. The lack of both conservation assessments and basic natural history data that support conservation assessments would prevent effective conservation of the herpetofauna from Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and such data gaps should be filled urgently. Future conservation strategies must address escalating threats including habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate-driven environmental changes.

Key words: checklist, Xizang, Qinghai, Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, biodiversity, conservation

卢宸祺, 王剀, 于中斌, 吴云鹤, 郭宪光, 郭鹏, 车静 (2025) 中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物多样性及其分布格局. 生物多样性, 33, 25087. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025087.

Chenqi Lu, Kai Wang, Zhongbin Yu, Yunhe Wu, Xianguang Guo, Peng Guo, Jing Che (2025) Herpetofauna diversity and distribution patterns of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25087. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025087.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025087

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I12/25087

图/表 4

图1 中国青藏高原区位及生境异质性示意。中国青藏高原界线修改自张镱锂等(2021b)。(1)藏北高原(蒋珂摄); (2)塔里木盆地(陈益静摄); (3)藏南谷地(蒋珂摄); (4)川-滇-藏高山峡谷(王剀摄)。

Fig. 1 Geographical location and habitat heterogeneity of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China. The boundary was modified from Zhang et al (2021b). (1) Northern Xizang Plateau (Photo by Ke Jiang); (2) Tarim Basin (Photo by Yijing Chen); (3) Southern Xizang Valley (Photo by Ke Jiang); (4) Sichuan-Yunnan-Xizang Gorges (Photo by Kai Wang).

图2 中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物多样性及特有性分布格局。A: 两栖动物; B: 爬行动物; C: 特有两栖动物; D: 特有爬行动物。中国青藏高原界线修改自张镱锂等(2021b)。

Fig. 2 Diversity and endemism patterns of amphibians and reptiles in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China. A, Amphibians; B, Reptiles; C, Endemic amphibians; D, Endemic reptiles. The boundary of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China was modified from Zhang et al (2021b).

图3 基于中国生物多样性红色名录的中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物濒危等级评估结果。图示物种: 高原林蛙(张宝林摄)和翡翠龙蜥(董文捷摄)。

Fig. 3 Threat status of amphibians and reptiles in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China based on the assessments from China’s Red List of Biodiversity. Embedded images: Rana kukunoris (photo by Baolin Zhang) and Diploderma iadinum (photo by Wenjie Dong).

图4 中国青藏高原受胁、待评估和新发现两栖、爬行动物分布格局。A: 受胁两栖动物; B: 受胁爬行动物; C: 数据缺乏及未评估两栖动物; D: 数据缺乏及未评估爬行动物; E: 2015-2024年发表的两栖类新种及国家新纪录; F: 2015-2024年发表的爬行类新种及国家新纪录。中国青藏高原界线修改自张镱锂等(2021b)。

Fig. 4 Distribution patterns of amphibians and reptiles that are threatened, lacking threat assessments, and newly described or newly recorded from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China. A, Threatened amphibians; B, Threatened reptiles; C, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated amphibians; D, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated reptiles; E, New species and new country records of amphibians between 2015 and 2024; F, New species and new country records of reptiles between 2015 and 2024. The boundary of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China was modified from Zhang et al (2021b).

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中国青藏高原两栖、爬行动物多样性及其分布格局

Herpetofauna diversity and distribution patterns of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China

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