1990-2020年围填海对我国中华白海豚栖息地的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2025249

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 25249. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025249 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025249

• 研究报告: 生物安全与自然保护 • 上一篇下一篇

1990-2020年围填海对我国中华白海豚栖息地的影响

鲁夕霞¹^,²^,³(), 周冯祥¹^,²^,³, 雍李明¹^,²^,³(), 曾千慧¹^,²^,³(), 赵丽媛¹^,²^,³, 张语克¹^,²^,³^,^*()(), 王先艳¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ 自然资源部第三海洋研究所, 福建厦门 361005
² 自然资源部海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室, 福建厦门 361005
³ 福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室, 福建厦门 361005

收稿日期:2025-06-30 接受日期:2025-10-23 出版日期:2026-03-20 发布日期:2026-01-09
通讯作者: *E-mail: zhangyuke@tio.org.cn;wangxianyan@tio.org.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0802202);国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0802204)

Impacts of coastal reclamation on Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) habitats in China from 1990 to 2020

Xixia Lu¹^,²^,³(), Fengxiang Zhou¹^,²^,³, Liming Yong¹^,²^,³(), Qianhui Zeng¹^,²^,³(), Liyuan Zhao¹^,²^,³, Yuke Zhang¹^,²^,³^,^*()(), Xianyan Wang¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹ Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
² Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
³ Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China

Received:2025-06-30 Accepted:2025-10-23 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-01-09
Contact: *E-mail: zhangyuke@tio.org.cn;wangxianyan@tio.org.cn
Supported by:
National Key R&D Programme of China(2022YFF0802202);National Key R&D Programme of China(2022YFF0802204)

1. 附录.pdf(405KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海岸带的快速开发对全球海洋生物多样性构成严峻挑战, 亟须对关键物种的栖息地变化开展大尺度、长时程的量化评估。本研究以中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)为关键指示物种, 耦合近30年的卫星遥感与社会经济数据, 系统解析了中国东南沿海围填海的空间格局及其驱动因素, 并评估了围填海造成的栖息地丧失与当前保护空缺。结果表明: 在地区常住人口密度(r = 0.638, P < 0.01)和人均地区生产总值(r = 0.635, P < 0.01)等因素驱动下, 1990-2020年研究区累计围填海面积1,683.20 km², 围填海强度为0.30 ha·yr^-1·km^-1, 整体呈现“北高南低, 河口集聚”的空间格局。广泛发生的围填海活动对中华白海豚各地方种群造成不同程度的影响: 厦门湾种群的栖息地丧失比例与栖息地内围填海强度最高(分别为9.03%, 0.46 ha·yr^-1·km^-1), 其次是珠江口种群(4.63%, 0.43 ha·yr^-1·km^-1), 海南西南水域种群栖息地丧失比例与栖息地内围填海强度最低(0.06%, 0.02 ha·yr^-1·km^-1)。值得注意的是, 现有中华白海豚种群栖息地总体仅有8.25% (818.94 km²)位于保护区范围内, 存在巨大保护空缺。当前亟须将中华白海豚种群分布的河口地区纳入自然保护地体系, 构建陆海统筹的生态保护格局, 以保护现有的栖息地并提高其连通性。该成果可为优化我国海洋生态保护红线及制定濒危海洋物种保护策略提供科学依据。

关键词: 遥感影像, 归一化差异水体指数, 围填海强度, 栖息地, 保护空缺

Abstract

Background & AimsThe rapid development of the coastal zones poses a serious challenge to global marine biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for large-scale and long-term quantitative assessments of habitat changes for key species. Using the Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) as a key indicator species, this study integrates nearly three decades of satellite remote sensing and socioeconomic data to systematically analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of coastal reclamation in Southeast China, along with the resultant habitat loss and conservation gaps for this species. These findings provide scientific evidence for optimizing China’s marine ecological redlines and formulating conservation strategies for endangered marine species.

Results Driven primarily by regional population density (r = 0.638, P < 0.01) and gross regional product per capita (r = 0.635, P < 0.01), the cumulative coastal reclamation area in the study region reached 1,683.20 km² from 1990 to 2020, with reclamation intensity of 0.30 ha·yr^-1·km^-1. The reclamation exhibited a distinct spatial pattern characterized by “higher intensity in the north, lower in the south, and significant clustering in estuarine zones”. Extensive reclamation differentially impacted local Chinese white dolphin populations: the Xiamen Bay population experienced the highest proportion of habitat loss and the highest reclamation intensity within its habitat (9.03% and 0.46 ha·yr^-1·km^-1, respectively), followed by the Pearl River Estuary population (4.63% and 0.43 ha·yr^-1·km^-1), the population in the southwestern waters of Hainan was the least affected (0.06% and 0.02 ha·yr^-1·km^-1). Notably, only 8.25% (818.94 km²) of the species’ current habitat was located within protected areas, revealing significant conservation gaps.

Conclusion & RecommendationUrgent actions are required to: (1) incorporate the estuarine habitats of Chinese white dolphin population into the natural protected area system; (2) establish an integrated land-sea conservation framework to protect the existing habitats and enhance connectivity.

Key words: remote sensing imagery, MNDWI, coastal reclamation intensity, habitat, conservation gaps

鲁夕霞, 周冯祥, 雍李明, 曾千慧, 赵丽媛, 张语克, 王先艳 (2026) 1990-2020年围填海对我国中华白海豚栖息地的影响. 生物多样性, 34, 25249. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025249.

Xixia Lu, Fengxiang Zhou, Liming Yong, Qianhui Zeng, Liyuan Zhao, Yuke Zhang, Xianyan Wang (2026) Impacts of coastal reclamation on Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) habitats in China from 1990 to 2020. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25249. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025249.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025249

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I3/25249

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区域 Region	围填海面积 Reclamation area (km²)	年均围填海速率 Average annual reclamation rate (km²/yr)	围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)
广东 Guangdong	746.15	24.87	0.40
福建 Fujian	496.50	16.55	0.29
广西 Guangxi	186.37	6.21	0.36
台湾 Taiwan	113.46	3.78	0.19
海南 Hainan	75.13	2.50	0.15
香港 Hong Kong	47.98	1.60	0.14
澳门 Macau	17.60	0.59	0.55
区域综合值 Regional composite value	1,683.20	56.11	0.30

区域 Region	围填海面积 Reclamation area (km²)	年均围填海速率 Average annual reclamation rate (km²/yr)	围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)
广东 Guangdong	746.15	24.87	0.40
福建 Fujian	496.50	16.55	0.29
广西 Guangxi	186.37	6.21	0.36
台湾 Taiwan	113.46	3.78	0.19
海南 Hainan	75.13	2.50	0.15
香港 Hong Kong	47.98	1.60	0.14
澳门 Macau	17.60	0.59	0.55
区域综合值 Regional composite value	1,683.20	56.11	0.30

变量 Variable	地区生产总值 Gross regional product	人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	地区常住人口 Regional resident population	地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	区划面积 Division area	围填海强度系数 Coastal reclamation index
地区生产总值 Gross regional product	1	0.859^**	0.821^**	0.713^**	0.171	0.587^**
人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	0.859^***	1	0.606^**	0.498^**	0.095	0.635^**
地区常住人口 Regional resident population	0.821^***	0.606^***	1	0.615^**	0.536^**	0.528^**
地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	0.713^***	0.498^**	0.615^***	1	-0.235	0.638^**
区划面积 Division area	0.171	0.095	0.536^**	-0.235	1	0.078
围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index	0.587^***	0.635^***	0.528^**	0.638^***	0.078	1

变量 Variable	地区生产总值 Gross regional product	人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	地区常住人口 Regional resident population	地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	区划面积 Division area	围填海强度系数 Coastal reclamation index
地区生产总值 Gross regional product	1	0.859^**	0.821^**	0.713^**	0.171	0.587^**
人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	0.859^***	1	0.606^**	0.498^**	0.095	0.635^**
地区常住人口 Regional resident population	0.821^***	0.606^***	1	0.615^**	0.536^**	0.528^**
地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	0.713^***	0.498^**	0.615^***	1	-0.235	0.638^**
区划面积 Division area	0.171	0.095	0.536^**	-0.235	1	0.078
围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index	0.587^***	0.635^***	0.528^**	0.638^***	0.078	1

中华白海豚现有种群 Existing populations of Chinese white dolphin	1990年栖息地面积 Habitat area in 1990 (km²)	2020年栖息地面积 Habitat area in 2020 (km²)	栖息地丧失面积 Habitat loss (km²)	基于1990年的栖息地丧失比例 Proportion of habitat loss based on 1990 (%)	栖息地内围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index in the habitat (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)	栖息地内跨海大桥建设数量(座) Number of cross-sea bridges built in the habitat (n)
广东珠江口 PRE	5,989.96	5,712.74	277.21	4.63	0.43	13
福建厦门湾 XMB	604.92	550.32	54.60	9.03	0.46	9
广西北部湾 BBG	1,423.75	1,399.52	24.24	1.70	0.39	1
广东雷州湾 LZB	634.59	626.75	7.85	1.24	0.25	0
台湾西海岸 WTW	161.60	158.97	2.64	1.63	0.22	0
福建宁德 ND	25.61	24.78	0.83	3.24	0.06	1
海南西南水域 SWHN	1,231.70	1,230.97	0.73	0.06	0.02	0
广东汕头 ST	226.07	225.36	0.72	0.32	0.09	1
区域综合值 Regional composite value	10,298.21	9,929.40	368.81	3.58	0.39	25

1990-2020年围填海对我国中华白海豚栖息地的影响

Impacts of coastal reclamation on Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) habitats in China from 1990 to 2020

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中华白海豚现有保护区 Chinese white dolphin existing nature reserve	保护区内围填海面积 Reclamation area in the reserve (ha)	保护区内围填海面积占比 Proportion of reclamation area in the reserve (%)
厦门珍稀海洋物种国家级自然保护区(2000年建立初始范围) Xiamen National Nature Reserve for Rare Marine Species (Initial boundary: 2000)	809.35	12.97
厦门珍稀海洋物种国家级自然保护区(2016年调整后范围) Xiamen National Nature Reserve for Rare Marine Species (Adjusted boundary: 2016)	2.94	0.05
潮州饶平中华白海豚县级自然保护区 Raoping Chinese White Dolphin County-level Nature Reserve, Chaozhou City	0.00	0.00
汕头澄海莱芜中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Laiwu Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve in Chenghai District, Shantou City	0.00	0.00
汕头潮阳龙头湾中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Longtou Bay Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve in Chaoyang District, Shantou City	0.00	0.00
广东珠江口中华白海豚国家级自然保护区 Guangdong Pearl River Estuary Chinese White Dolphin National Nature Reserve	94.92	0.21
广东江门中华白海豚省级自然保护区(2003年建立初始范围) Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese White Dolphin Provincial Nature Reserve (Initial boundary: 2003)	23.59	0.26
广东江门中华白海豚省级自然保护区(2009年调整后范围) Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese White Dolphin Provincial Nature Reserve (Adjusted boundary: 2009)	0.00	0.00
湛江雷州湾中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Leizhou Bay Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve, Zhanjiang City	0.00	0.00
广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Hepu Dugong National Nature Reserve	152.59	0.49

中华白海豚现有自然保护区 Chinese white dolphin existing nature reserve	现有保护区面积 Existing reserve area (km²)	保护区内栖息地面积 Habitat area in the reserve (km²)	保护区内栖息地占比 Proportion of habitats in reserve (%)	种群栖息地受保护比例 Proportion of protected areas in habitat (%)
厦门珍稀海洋物种国家级自然保护区(2016年调整后范围) Xiamen National Nature Reserve for Rare Marine Species (Adjusted boundary: 2016)	55.14	54.23	98.35	9.85
潮州饶平中华白海豚县级自然保护区 Raoping Chinese White Dolphin County-level Nature Reserve, Chaozhou City	6.19	0.00	0.00	0.00
汕头澄海莱芜中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Laiwu Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve in Chenghai District, Shantou City	7.51	7.49	99.63	3.32
汕头潮阳龙头湾中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Longtou Bay Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve in Chaoyang District, Shantou City	9.39	0.00	0.00	0.00
广东珠江口中华白海豚国家级自然保护区 Guangdong Pearl River Estuary Chinese White Dolphin National Nature Reserve	450.98	450.03	99.79	7.88
广东江门中华白海豚省级自然保护区(2009年调整后范围) Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese White Dolphin Provincial Nature Reserve (Adjusted boundary: 2009)	96.65	96.65	100.00	1.69
湛江雷州湾中华白海豚市级自然保护区 Leizhou Bay Chinese White Dolphin Municipal Nature Reserve, Zhanjiang City	59.66	59.61	99.92	9.51
广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Hepu Dugong National Nature Reserve	312.64	150.94	48.28	10.79
区域综合值 Regional composite value	998.16	818.94	82.05	8.25

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