生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 25453. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025453 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025453
尚晓彤1(
), 黄程2,*()(
), 杨立1(), 牟希东3(), 李添明1(), 刘阳1,*()()
收稿日期:2025-11-11
接受日期:2026-01-22
出版日期:2026-03-20
发布日期:2026-04-09
通讯作者:
*E-mail: 基金资助:
Xiaotong Shang1(), Cheng Huang2,*()(), Li Yang1(), Xidong Mu3(), Tien Ming Lee1(), Yang Liu1,*()()
Received:2025-11-11
Accepted:2026-01-22
Online:2026-03-20
Published:2026-04-09
Contact:
*E-mail: Supported by:摘要： 水产养殖发展与水鸟保护之间的冲突在全球范围内普遍存在。一方面, 水产养殖用地扩张侵占了水鸟栖息地, 尤其是在沿海地区; 另一方面, 水鸟取食水产品可能增加水产品疾病跨塘传播的风险, 进而引发养殖户对水鸟采取非选择性致死控制, 形成恶性循环, 威胁水鸟的生存及其生态系统功能。因此, 指导养殖户采取合理的非致死性控制措施对水产养殖产业的可持续发展具有现实意义。然而, 目前仍缺乏系统性研究来评估水产养殖区防鸟措施的成效。本研究梳理了全球1950-2024年间经过实验验证的防鸟措施及其行为刺激, 并整合评估了这些措施的有效性。结果表明, 当前防鸟措施的整体有效比例为66.7%, 其中复合型措施(80.9%)与物理阻碍型措施(76.7%)的有效性较高, 而单一的视觉干扰措施有效性相对较低(46.9%)。防鸟措施的有效性受多种因素影响, 不存在能够完全消除损失的解决方案。目前, 该领域研究在地域覆盖和水产品种类上存在严重偏倚, 超过80%的案例集中在北美和欧洲(亚洲仅占2.8%), 研究案例高度集中于鱼类养殖(73.1%), 对甲壳类等其他种类的养殖关注不足。中国作为全球最大的水产养殖国, 仅有1项案例关注甲壳类养殖场景的研究。基于全球经验与中国本土现状, 本研究呼吁中国应尽快在冲突区域(如沿海水产养殖塘)开展减损措施成效评估实验, 加强水鸟在养殖区域内的生态与行为研究, 并结合新技术设计更多防鸟措施, 在保障水产养殖发展的同时, 履行中国在全球候鸟保护网络中的关键责任。
尚晓彤, 黄程, 杨立, 牟希东, 李添明, 刘阳 (2026) 全球尺度水产养殖系统减少鸟类致损措施成效评估. 生物多样性, 34, 25453. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025453.
Xiaotong Shang, Cheng Huang, Li Yang, Xidong Mu, Tien Ming Lee, Yang Liu (2026) Evaluation of the effectiveness of bird-induced loss reduction measures in global aquaculture systems. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25453. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025453.
图1 本研究文献收集采用的系统评价和荟萃分析优先报告文献筛选(PRISMA)流程图。n: 文献数量, N: 案例数量。图内仅展示检索结果数量大于0的数据库。
Fig. 1 The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flowchart illustrating the literature collection process for this study. n, The number of literature, N, The number of cases. Only databases with at least one retrieval result are shown in the figure.
图2 全球养殖塘防鸟措施有效性(A)及其与水产动物和肇事鸟类的关系(B)。N: 案例数量。其他包括鹰科、拟黄鹂科、椋鸟科和潜鸟科的各一个案例。
Fig. 2 Effectiveness of bird control measures in global aquaculture ponds (A) and their association with aquaculture species and bird species causing damage to aquaculture (B). N, Number of cases. Others include one case each from Accipitridae, Icteridae, Sturnidae, and Gaviidae.
| 措施类型 Measure types | 措施(数量) Measures (Count) | 有效比例 Effective proportion | 国家 Country | 案例 Case | 参考文献 References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 视觉干扰措施 Visual disturbance | 增加水体浑浊度 Increase the turbidity of water bodies (21) | 38% | 肯尼亚 Kenya 加纳 Ghana 美国 USA 法国 France | 农家肥和商业磷酸肥在整个鱼类生长期间分次施用, 增加水体浑浊度 Use farmyard manure and commercial phosphorus fertilizers in multiple applications throughout the fish growth period to increase water turbidity | Otieno & Shidavi | |||||
| 激光 Laser (5) | 60% | 美国 USA | 使用激光在日落前后照射鸟群 Use lasers to shine on bird flocks before and after sunset | Glahn et al., | ||||||
| 闪光灯 Flash light | 66.7% | 美国 USA | 使用灯塔和光束在日落后旋转闪光 Use lighthouses and beams that rotate and flash after sunset | Woolley & Hopper, | ||||||
| 猛禽风筝 Raptor-like kite (1) | 100% | 美国 USA | 用风筝模拟捕食者(如猛禽)的形象, 吓退鸟类 Use raptor-like kites to simulate the image of predators (such as raptors) to scare away birds | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 反光带 Reflective tape (1) | 0% | 美国 USA | 红色反光聚酯薄膜带系在埋入池塘周边的金属桩上, 风动时反射阳光产生闪烁 Red reflective polyester film strips are tied to metal posts buried around the pond; they reflect sunlight and create flashes when moved by the wind | Baird et al., | ||||||
| 物理阻碍措施 Physical barrier | 罩网 Cover net (15) | 73.3% | 美国 USA 肯尼亚 Kenya 澳大利亚 Australia 丹麦 Denmark 德国 Germany | 在养殖塘上安装罩网(尼龙、钢丝、塑料等材质)阻碍鸟类取食 Install overhead nets (made of nylon, steel wire, plastic, etc.) on aquaculture ponds to obstruct birds from preying | Avery et al., | |||||
| 防鸟绳 Bird-scaring lines (5) | 80% | 美国 USA 澳大利亚 Australia 中国 China | 单丝线悬挂于池面上方0.5 m作为障碍干扰鸟类进入养殖塘捕食 Hang monofilament lines 0.5 m above the pond surface as an obstacle to interfere with birds entering the aquaculture pond | Farrell & Leonard, | ||||||
| 降落阻碍物 Landing deterrents (4) | 100% | 美国 USA 加拿大 Canada | 尖刺条塑料制成的扎带铺设在浮筒表面阻碍鸟类站立 Lay plastic tie strips with sharp points on the surface of floating rafts to prevent birds from standing | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 网笼 Net cages (2) | 100% | 喀麦隆 Cameroon | 封闭式网箱排除包括鸟类在内的所有捕食者Enclosed net cages exclude all predators, including birds | Yong-Sulem et al., | ||||||
| 电围栏 Electric fencing (2) | 100% | 美国 USA | 鸟类身体同时接触塘边的电围栏和水体/地面时, 形成闭合电路, 受到高压低电流脉冲电击, 不致命但极具威慑力 When birds’ bodies simultaneously contact both the electric fence around the pond and the water/ground, a closed circuit is formed, and they receive high-voltage, low-current pulse shocks, which are non-lethal but highly deterrent | Mott & Flynt, | ||||||
| 塑料膜覆盖 Plastic film covering (1) | 0% | 美国 USA | 托盘的顶部覆盖一块1 mm厚的黑色塑料, 以防止海鸥(银鸥、大鸥)的捕食 Cover the top of trays with a 1 mm thick black plastic sheet to prevent seagulls (e.g., silver gulls, large gulls) from preying | Beal et al., | ||||||
| 可降解网套包裹 Biodegradable mesh sleeves (1) | 0% | 加拿大 Canada | 双层网套, 外层是一层可生物降解的保护性套筒, 网眼尺寸小于内层, 旨在限制贻贝移动至网套外部 Double-layered netting: the outer layer is a biodegradable protective sleeve, with smaller mesh than the inner layer, designed to limit mussel migration outside the netting | Dionne et al., | ||||||
| 普通围栏 Standard fencing (1) | 100% | 喀麦隆 Cameroon | 当地尼龙袋剪裁缝合制成, 高度1.0 m, 埋入堤岸10 cm, 木桩固定 Local nylon bags are cut and sewn to make a fence height of 1.0 m, buried 10 cm into the embankment, and fixed with wooden stakes | Yong-Sulem et al., | ||||||
| 养殖管理措施 Aquaculture management | 养殖布局调整 Farm layout adjustment (5) | 60% | 英国 UK | 根据贻贝生长阶段, 分阶段调整其养殖的潮位, 以减少被水鸟捕食 Adjust the tidal level of mussel farming in stages based on the growth stage of mussels to reduce predation by waterfowl | Caldow et al., | |||||
| 水下庇护所 Underwater shelters (4) | 75% | 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium 澳大利亚 Australia | 立方体框架结合内部树枝, 提供复杂躲避空间, 顶部遮荫和水下安装对应, 减少水面反光, 减少鸬鹚捕食效率 A cubic frame combined with internal branches provides complex shelter space, with shading on top and underwater installation to reduce surface reflections and decrease cormorant predation efficiency | Russell et al., | ||||||
| 工人巡逻 Worker patrols (2) | 100% | 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium | 工人出现可使鸭群减少95% The presence of workers can reduce duckflocks by 95% | Ross, | ||||||
| 设施沉水 Submerging structures (1) | 100% | 加拿大 Canada | 浮子移至养殖设备上方, 通过松绳使设备下沉6 cm, 减少鸟类停留 Move the floaters above the aquaculture equipment, and lower the equipment by 6 cm through slackening the rope to reduce bird perching | Comeau et al., | ||||||
| 训练鱼躲避鸟 Training fish to avoid birds (1) | 0% | 加拿大 Canada | 塑料潜鸟模型模拟潜鸟游动, 对靠近的鱼产生电击, 鱼学会侧向躲避模型后释放到养殖区 Use a plastic diving bird model to simulate diving bird movement, delivering electric shocks to nearby fish. The fish learn to avoid the model sideways and are later released into the aquaculture area | Fraser, | ||||||
| 听觉干扰措施 Auditory disturbance | 水下声音威慑 Underwater acoustic deterrents (4) | 100% | 英国 UK | 播放船只引擎声, 模拟真实威胁, 使鸭群误以为有船靠近 Play engine sounds of boats to simulate a real threat, making duck flocks believe a boat is approaching | Ross et al., | |||||
| 高分贝气枪 High-decibel gas cannon (1) | 0% | 以色列 Israel | 在鱼塘区域持续整夜循环播放高分贝气枪声Continuously play the sound of a high-decibel gas cannon throughout the night in the pond area | Spanier, | ||||||
| 鸟类遇险警戒叫声 Bird distress (5) | 60% | 美国 USA 以色列 Israel | 在鱼塘区域循环播放幼鸟和成鸟的惊叫组合 Cycle the sounds of distress calls from both chicks and adult birds in the pond area | Spanier, | ||||||
| 复合措施 Integrative measures | 视觉与听觉组合 Visual and auditory combination (17) | 76.4% | 美国 USA 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium 埃及 Egypt | 在鸟类夜间栖息地使用烟花类爆音装置驱赶夜栖鸟类Use firecracker-like noise devices in the birds’ night roosting areas to drive away roosting birds | Woolley & Hopper, | |||||
| 视觉与物理组合 Visual and physical combination (3) | 100% | 美国 USA | 机械臂转动产生视觉和运动干扰, 使鸟类不敢靠近Mechanical arms rotate to create visual and motion disturbances, preventing birds from approaching | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 视觉、听觉与管理组合 Visual, auditory and management combination (3) | 100% | 美国 USA | 人偶突然充气、摇晃模拟人类活动并发出警戒声, 配合巡逻驱赶 Inflate and shake a mannequin suddenly to simulate human activity and emit warning sounds, in coordination with patrols to drive birds away | Stickley & King, | ||||||
| 致死性措施 Lethal measures | 射击 Shooting (2) | 50% | 美国 USA | 射击驱散鸟类 Shooting to disperse birds | Taylor & Strickland, | |||||
表1 水产养殖系统防鸟措施类型、种类、有效比例、分布及典型案例
Table 1 Types, categories, effectiveness ratios, distribution, and typical cases of bird control measures in aquaculture systems
| 措施类型 Measure types | 措施(数量) Measures (Count) | 有效比例 Effective proportion | 国家 Country | 案例 Case | 参考文献 References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 视觉干扰措施 Visual disturbance | 增加水体浑浊度 Increase the turbidity of water bodies (21) | 38% | 肯尼亚 Kenya 加纳 Ghana 美国 USA 法国 France | 农家肥和商业磷酸肥在整个鱼类生长期间分次施用, 增加水体浑浊度 Use farmyard manure and commercial phosphorus fertilizers in multiple applications throughout the fish growth period to increase water turbidity | Otieno & Shidavi | |||||
| 激光 Laser (5) | 60% | 美国 USA | 使用激光在日落前后照射鸟群 Use lasers to shine on bird flocks before and after sunset | Glahn et al., | ||||||
| 闪光灯 Flash light | 66.7% | 美国 USA | 使用灯塔和光束在日落后旋转闪光 Use lighthouses and beams that rotate and flash after sunset | Woolley & Hopper, | ||||||
| 猛禽风筝 Raptor-like kite (1) | 100% | 美国 USA | 用风筝模拟捕食者(如猛禽)的形象, 吓退鸟类 Use raptor-like kites to simulate the image of predators (such as raptors) to scare away birds | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 反光带 Reflective tape (1) | 0% | 美国 USA | 红色反光聚酯薄膜带系在埋入池塘周边的金属桩上, 风动时反射阳光产生闪烁 Red reflective polyester film strips are tied to metal posts buried around the pond; they reflect sunlight and create flashes when moved by the wind | Baird et al., | ||||||
| 物理阻碍措施 Physical barrier | 罩网 Cover net (15) | 73.3% | 美国 USA 肯尼亚 Kenya 澳大利亚 Australia 丹麦 Denmark 德国 Germany | 在养殖塘上安装罩网(尼龙、钢丝、塑料等材质)阻碍鸟类取食 Install overhead nets (made of nylon, steel wire, plastic, etc.) on aquaculture ponds to obstruct birds from preying | Avery et al., | |||||
| 防鸟绳 Bird-scaring lines (5) | 80% | 美国 USA 澳大利亚 Australia 中国 China | 单丝线悬挂于池面上方0.5 m作为障碍干扰鸟类进入养殖塘捕食 Hang monofilament lines 0.5 m above the pond surface as an obstacle to interfere with birds entering the aquaculture pond | Farrell & Leonard, | ||||||
| 降落阻碍物 Landing deterrents (4) | 100% | 美国 USA 加拿大 Canada | 尖刺条塑料制成的扎带铺设在浮筒表面阻碍鸟类站立 Lay plastic tie strips with sharp points on the surface of floating rafts to prevent birds from standing | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 网笼 Net cages (2) | 100% | 喀麦隆 Cameroon | 封闭式网箱排除包括鸟类在内的所有捕食者Enclosed net cages exclude all predators, including birds | Yong-Sulem et al., | ||||||
| 电围栏 Electric fencing (2) | 100% | 美国 USA | 鸟类身体同时接触塘边的电围栏和水体/地面时, 形成闭合电路, 受到高压低电流脉冲电击, 不致命但极具威慑力 When birds’ bodies simultaneously contact both the electric fence around the pond and the water/ground, a closed circuit is formed, and they receive high-voltage, low-current pulse shocks, which are non-lethal but highly deterrent | Mott & Flynt, | ||||||
| 塑料膜覆盖 Plastic film covering (1) | 0% | 美国 USA | 托盘的顶部覆盖一块1 mm厚的黑色塑料, 以防止海鸥(银鸥、大鸥)的捕食 Cover the top of trays with a 1 mm thick black plastic sheet to prevent seagulls (e.g., silver gulls, large gulls) from preying | Beal et al., | ||||||
| 可降解网套包裹 Biodegradable mesh sleeves (1) | 0% | 加拿大 Canada | 双层网套, 外层是一层可生物降解的保护性套筒, 网眼尺寸小于内层, 旨在限制贻贝移动至网套外部 Double-layered netting: the outer layer is a biodegradable protective sleeve, with smaller mesh than the inner layer, designed to limit mussel migration outside the netting | Dionne et al., | ||||||
| 普通围栏 Standard fencing (1) | 100% | 喀麦隆 Cameroon | 当地尼龙袋剪裁缝合制成, 高度1.0 m, 埋入堤岸10 cm, 木桩固定 Local nylon bags are cut and sewn to make a fence height of 1.0 m, buried 10 cm into the embankment, and fixed with wooden stakes | Yong-Sulem et al., | ||||||
| 养殖管理措施 Aquaculture management | 养殖布局调整 Farm layout adjustment (5) | 60% | 英国 UK | 根据贻贝生长阶段, 分阶段调整其养殖的潮位, 以减少被水鸟捕食 Adjust the tidal level of mussel farming in stages based on the growth stage of mussels to reduce predation by waterfowl | Caldow et al., | |||||
| 水下庇护所 Underwater shelters (4) | 75% | 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium 澳大利亚 Australia | 立方体框架结合内部树枝, 提供复杂躲避空间, 顶部遮荫和水下安装对应, 减少水面反光, 减少鸬鹚捕食效率 A cubic frame combined with internal branches provides complex shelter space, with shading on top and underwater installation to reduce surface reflections and decrease cormorant predation efficiency | Russell et al., | ||||||
| 工人巡逻 Worker patrols (2) | 100% | 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium | 工人出现可使鸭群减少95% The presence of workers can reduce duckflocks by 95% | Ross, | ||||||
| 设施沉水 Submerging structures (1) | 100% | 加拿大 Canada | 浮子移至养殖设备上方, 通过松绳使设备下沉6 cm, 减少鸟类停留 Move the floaters above the aquaculture equipment, and lower the equipment by 6 cm through slackening the rope to reduce bird perching | Comeau et al., | ||||||
| 训练鱼躲避鸟 Training fish to avoid birds (1) | 0% | 加拿大 Canada | 塑料潜鸟模型模拟潜鸟游动, 对靠近的鱼产生电击, 鱼学会侧向躲避模型后释放到养殖区 Use a plastic diving bird model to simulate diving bird movement, delivering electric shocks to nearby fish. The fish learn to avoid the model sideways and are later released into the aquaculture area | Fraser, | ||||||
| 听觉干扰措施 Auditory disturbance | 水下声音威慑 Underwater acoustic deterrents (4) | 100% | 英国 UK | 播放船只引擎声, 模拟真实威胁, 使鸭群误以为有船靠近 Play engine sounds of boats to simulate a real threat, making duck flocks believe a boat is approaching | Ross et al., | |||||
| 高分贝气枪 High-decibel gas cannon (1) | 0% | 以色列 Israel | 在鱼塘区域持续整夜循环播放高分贝气枪声Continuously play the sound of a high-decibel gas cannon throughout the night in the pond area | Spanier, | ||||||
| 鸟类遇险警戒叫声 Bird distress (5) | 60% | 美国 USA 以色列 Israel | 在鱼塘区域循环播放幼鸟和成鸟的惊叫组合 Cycle the sounds of distress calls from both chicks and adult birds in the pond area | Spanier, | ||||||
| 复合措施 Integrative measures | 视觉与听觉组合 Visual and auditory combination (17) | 76.4% | 美国 USA 英国 UK 比利时 Belgium 埃及 Egypt | 在鸟类夜间栖息地使用烟花类爆音装置驱赶夜栖鸟类Use firecracker-like noise devices in the birds’ night roosting areas to drive away roosting birds | Woolley & Hopper, | |||||
| 视觉与物理组合 Visual and physical combination (3) | 100% | 美国 USA | 机械臂转动产生视觉和运动干扰, 使鸟类不敢靠近Mechanical arms rotate to create visual and motion disturbances, preventing birds from approaching | Cunningham et al., | ||||||
| 视觉、听觉与管理组合 Visual, auditory and management combination (3) | 100% | 美国 USA | 人偶突然充气、摇晃模拟人类活动并发出警戒声, 配合巡逻驱赶 Inflate and shake a mannequin suddenly to simulate human activity and emit warning sounds, in coordination with patrols to drive birds away | Stickley & King, | ||||||
| 致死性措施 Lethal measures | 射击 Shooting (2) | 50% | 美国 USA | 射击驱散鸟类 Shooting to disperse birds | Taylor & Strickland, | |||||
图3 水产养殖系统防鸟措施有效性评估研究的实验开展与文献发表热度变化
Fig. 3 Development of experimental methodologies and the publication patterns of literature assessing the efficacy of bird control strategies in aquaculture systems
图4 研究文献的全球分布格局
Fig. 4 Global research pattern of research literature
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