生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 24394. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024394 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024394
收稿日期:
2024-09-07
接受日期:
2025-01-23
出版日期:
2025-01-20
发布日期:
2025-02-02
通讯作者:
* E-mail: 基金资助:
Received:
2024-09-07
Accepted:
2025-01-23
Online:
2025-01-20
Published:
2025-02-02
Contact:
* E-mail: Supported by:
摘要:
何谓高等生物或低等生物, 即, 不同生物间有没有等级性, 是一个大问题, 既是生命科学的问题, 也是实践哲学的问题。要回答这个问题, 必须回到它的起点——达尔文的《物种起源》。本文通过梳理《物种起源》, 发现达尔文使用了大量的蕴含某种“生物等级性”的论述, 分别指向7个不同的方面或指标: (1)形态固化与功能分化的程度, (2)性状定向发育的程度, (3)生物形态的复杂程度, (4)竞争力的强弱, (5)系统发育之分化时间的早晚, (6)演化速率的高低, (7)生物分类阶元的高低。进一步的剖析显示, 这些不同的指向性, 除了指标(7), 在达尔文的演化论体系中, 彼此间大体可保持协调性与统一性, 即, 以竞争之生物关系推动的生物之系统发育的种种体现。在此框架中, 生物等级性的逻辑性是可以被理解的。但是, 进一步的考察表明, 这一理解面临着两大挑战: (1)生命科学规律的或然性, (2)宏观、动态的大演化图式(受制于外在环境的变化)之于达尔文的中观、静态的(以生物作用为主导因素)演化论的修正。在可变环境中, 演化没有目的性, 也没有方向性; 既没有先定的, 也没有可预期的; 既没有事实的, 也没有应然的。因此, 就宏观演化而言, 所谓的“生物等级性”, 往往只是一种权宜的喻象表述, 并无实体性意义, 更不存在价值意味。这个结论也构成了我们之于社会达尔文主义与自然主义环境伦理学在本体层面的批判。
孙亚君 (2025) 何谓高等或低等生物——澄清《物种起源》所蕴含的生物等级性的涵义及其成立性. 生物多样性, 33, 24394. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024394.
Yajun Sun (2025) What do higher or lower organisms mean—Clarify the meaning and validity of the biological ladder implied by On the Origin of Species. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24394. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024394.
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