亚洲同域分布虎和豹竞争与共存关系概述

doi:10.17520/biods.2022271

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 22271. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022271

• 中国猫科动物研究与保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

亚洲同域分布虎和豹竞争与共存关系概述

李治霖¹, 王天明²^,³^,⁴^,^*()

1.天津师范大学生命科学学院天津市动物多样性保护与利用重点实验室, 天津 300387
2.生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室, 北京 100875
3.东北虎豹国家公园保护生态学国家林草局重点实验室, 北京 100875
4.北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875

收稿日期:2022-05-17 接受日期:2022-08-18 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-09-21
通讯作者: 王天明
作者简介:* E-mail: wangtianming@bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31971539);科技部国家科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY101702);天津师范大学校级科研项目(52XB2010)

Competition and coexistence between tigers and leopards in Asia

Zhilin Li¹, Tianming Wang²^,³^,⁴^,^*()

1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387
2. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, Beijing 100875
3. National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology in the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, Beijing 100875
4. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875

Received:2022-05-17 Accepted:2022-08-18 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-09-21
Contact: Tianming Wang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

虎(Panthera tigris)和豹(P. pardus)作为食物链的顶级捕食者对维持生态系统结构与功能稳定性起到重要作用。强烈的人为干扰已导致亚洲虎和豹种群(以下简称虎豹)分布呈现破碎化状态, 探究二者之间的相互作用对缓解人类威胁和濒危物种保护具有重要意义。尽管虎豹竞争和共存研究已持续几十年, 但多局限于区域性种群, 缺乏系统性研究。本研究梳理了1976-2021年间36篇涉及虎豹竞争性相互作用研究的文献, 涵盖中国、俄罗斯、泰国、马来西亚、印度、尼泊尔、不丹共7个国家26个区域, 系统阐述了虎豹目前在亚洲的主要分布以及它们之间的干涉型和资源利用型竞争的主要表现形式, 并分析了猎物与干扰因素对虎豹竞争与共存的影响。本研究提出了5个可能影响种间作用的猎物构成情况, 强调了不同大小有蹄类猎物的丰富度和多度以及人为干扰的空间分布对虎豹区域竞争和共存的调控作用。现有研究显示虎豹的空间利用取决于本地的生境、猎物和干扰等因素。豹相对于虎具有更强的行为可塑性, 虎豹之间在空间、时间和营养生态位等维度权衡生态机会(如容易捕获的猎物)与冲突风险(人或竞争者带来的风险)来促进共存。目前虎豹相互作用研究存在严重的亚种和区域不平衡性, 未来研究重点应关注各种生物和非生物类因素对虎豹种间竞争类型和作用强度的调控方式以及调控的生态阈值效应。

关键词: 虎, 豹, 食肉动物, 种间相互作用, 竞争, 生态位

Abstract

Background & Aim: As apex carnivores, tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (P. pardus) play critical roles in maintaining the structural and functional stability of Asian forest ecosystems. The populations and ranges of these two felids have declined due to human disturbance. To mitigate anthropogenic threats to endangered species in these ecosystems, it is essential that we understand how tigers and leopards interact. Although competition between tigers and leopards has been studied for several decades, most studies have taken place in the famous reserves like Nagarahole National Park and Chitwan National Park in South Asia, so it is unknown how their interactions differ elsewhere in their overlapping range. Here, we review 36 previous papers on competitive interactions between the two big cats from 1976 to 2021. We summarize the nature of both interference and exploitation competition between tigers and leopards in their current overlapping range, as well as how prey and human disturbance shapes this competition.
Review Results: We found that the most important factors affecting tiger-leopard competition and coexistence included species richness at various size classes of prey and also the spatial distribution of human disturbance. Local habitat, prey composition, and disturbance factors affect tiger-leopard interactions by shaping the trade-off between ecological opportunities (e.g., easy prey) and the risk of escalating conflict with humans and other competitors across spatial, temporal, and dietary niches.
Perspectives: There is currently a significant regional bias in the study of tiger-leopard competition and coexistence, with most research focusing on the overlapping range in South Asia and neglecting these in Northeast and Southeast Asia. To more fully understand how tigers and leopards interact, future research should occur longitudinally throughout their shared range, with a focus on multiple ecological niches and fine spatial scales. Research on the biotic and abiotic factors affecting tiger-leopard competition should aim to identify their ecological thresholds and the regulation mechanisms by which these factors affect the intensity and types of competition.

Key words: tiger, leopard, carnivore, interspecific interactions, competition, ecological niche

李治霖, 王天明 (2022) 亚洲同域分布虎和豹竞争与共存关系概述. 生物多样性, 30, 22271. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022271.

Zhilin Li, Tianming Wang (2022) Competition and coexistence between tigers and leopards in Asia. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22271. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022271.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022271

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I9/22271

图/表 3

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序号 Code	研究文献 Research paper	研究地点 Research site	研究周期(年) Research period (year)	空间关系 Spatial correlation	时间关系 Temporal correlation	食性重叠 Dietary overlap
1	Seidensticker, 1976	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.50	√
2	Karanth & Sunquist, 1995	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	4			√
3	Karanth & Sunquist, 2000	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	6	√	√
4	Andheria et al, 2007	班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India	0.08			√
5	Joseph et al, 2007	帕拉克卡德野生动物保护区, 印度 Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, India	0.50			√
6	Wang & MacDonald, 2009	吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克国家公园, 不丹 Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan	2			√
7	Ramesh et al, 2009	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	0.67			√
8	Odden et al, 2010	巴迪亚国家公园, 尼泊尔 Bardia National Park, Nepal	3	√		√
9	Kumaraguru et al, 2011	阿奈马莱虎保护区, 印度 Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India	3			√
10	Harihar et al, 2011	拉贾吉国家公园, 印度 Rajaji National Park, India	4			√
11	Ramesh et al, 2012b	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	2.30			√
12	Bhattarai & Kindlmann, 2012	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	2			√
13	Mondal et al, 2012a	沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India	2			√
14	Mondal et al, 2012b	沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India	1.58	√	√
15	Ramesh et al, 2012a	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	1.50	√	√
16	Selvan et al, 2013	藏南虎分布区, 中国 Tiger Range of South Tibetan, China	2.50			√
17	Steinmetz et al, 2013	奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand	0.58	√	√
18	Lovari et al, 2015	滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal	1.50			√
19	Carter et al, 2015	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.50	√	√
20	Sugimoto et al, 2016	Primorskii Krai西南地区, 俄罗斯 Southwest Primorskii Krai, Russian	1			√
21	Rayan & Linkie, 2016	柏隆皇家公园, 马来西亚 Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia	0.67	√	√
22	Rayan & Linkie, 2016	德孟莪森林保护区, 马来西亚 Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysia	0.75	√	√
23	Karanth et al, 2017	巴德拉野生动物保护区, 印度 Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, India	0.50	√	√
24	Karanth et al, 2017	贾姆拉杰讷格尔地区, 印度 Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple, India	0.50	√	√
25	Karanth et al, 2017	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	0.50	√	√
26	Karanth et al, 2017	班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India	0.50	√	√
27	Thinley et al, 2018	吉格梅-多吉国家公园, 印度 Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan	1	√
28	Yang et al, 2018	珲春自然保护区, 中国 Hunchun Natural Reserve, China	1	√	√
29	Simcharoen et al, 2018	会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	2	√		√
30	Li et al, 2019	长白山区, 中国 Changbai Mountains, China	1	√	√
31	Pokheral & Wegge, 2019	滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal	0.83	√	√
32	Lamichhane et al, 2019	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.08	√	√	√
33	Kafley et al, 2019	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.17	√	√
34	Thapa et al, 2021	Terai Arc景观区, 尼泊尔 Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal	0.50	√
35	Vinitpornsawan & Fuller, 2020	通雅纳瑞素野生动物保护区(东部), 泰国 Thung Yai Naresuan East Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	1.83	√	√
序号 Code	研究文献 Research paper	研究地点 Research site	研究周期(年) Research period (year)	空间关系 Spatial correlation	时间关系 Temporal correlation	食性重叠 Dietary overlap
36	Steinmetz et al, 2021	奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand	7			√
37	Kumar et al, 2020	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	0.50	√
38	Charaspet et al, 2021	会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	1.42	√	√
39	Phumanee et al, 2021	湄王和孔兰国家公园, 泰国 Mae Wong and Khlong Lan National Parks, Thailand	0.83	√	√
40	Palei et al, 2021	西姆里帕尔虎保护区, 印度 Similipal Tiger Reserve, India	0.75			√

序号 Code	研究文献 Research paper	研究地点 Research site	研究周期(年) Research period (year)	空间关系 Spatial correlation	时间关系 Temporal correlation	食性重叠 Dietary overlap
1	Seidensticker, 1976	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.50	√
2	Karanth & Sunquist, 1995	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	4			√
3	Karanth & Sunquist, 2000	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	6	√	√
4	Andheria et al, 2007	班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India	0.08			√
5	Joseph et al, 2007	帕拉克卡德野生动物保护区, 印度 Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, India	0.50			√
6	Wang & MacDonald, 2009	吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克国家公园, 不丹 Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan	2			√
7	Ramesh et al, 2009	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	0.67			√
8	Odden et al, 2010	巴迪亚国家公园, 尼泊尔 Bardia National Park, Nepal	3	√		√
9	Kumaraguru et al, 2011	阿奈马莱虎保护区, 印度 Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India	3			√
10	Harihar et al, 2011	拉贾吉国家公园, 印度 Rajaji National Park, India	4			√
11	Ramesh et al, 2012b	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	2.30			√
12	Bhattarai & Kindlmann, 2012	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	2			√
13	Mondal et al, 2012a	沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India	2			√
14	Mondal et al, 2012b	沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India	1.58	√	√
15	Ramesh et al, 2012a	穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India	1.50	√	√
16	Selvan et al, 2013	藏南虎分布区, 中国 Tiger Range of South Tibetan, China	2.50			√
17	Steinmetz et al, 2013	奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand	0.58	√	√
18	Lovari et al, 2015	滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal	1.50			√
19	Carter et al, 2015	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.50	√	√
20	Sugimoto et al, 2016	Primorskii Krai西南地区, 俄罗斯 Southwest Primorskii Krai, Russian	1			√
21	Rayan & Linkie, 2016	柏隆皇家公园, 马来西亚 Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia	0.67	√	√
22	Rayan & Linkie, 2016	德孟莪森林保护区, 马来西亚 Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysia	0.75	√	√
23	Karanth et al, 2017	巴德拉野生动物保护区, 印度 Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, India	0.50	√	√
24	Karanth et al, 2017	贾姆拉杰讷格尔地区, 印度 Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple, India	0.50	√	√
25	Karanth et al, 2017	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	0.50	√	√
26	Karanth et al, 2017	班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India	0.50	√	√
27	Thinley et al, 2018	吉格梅-多吉国家公园, 印度 Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan	1	√
28	Yang et al, 2018	珲春自然保护区, 中国 Hunchun Natural Reserve, China	1	√	√
29	Simcharoen et al, 2018	会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	2	√		√
30	Li et al, 2019	长白山区, 中国 Changbai Mountains, China	1	√	√
31	Pokheral & Wegge, 2019	滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal	0.83	√	√
32	Lamichhane et al, 2019	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.08	√	√	√
33	Kafley et al, 2019	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal	0.17	√	√
34	Thapa et al, 2021	Terai Arc景观区, 尼泊尔 Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal	0.50	√
35	Vinitpornsawan & Fuller, 2020	通雅纳瑞素野生动物保护区(东部), 泰国 Thung Yai Naresuan East Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	1.83	√	√
序号 Code	研究文献 Research paper	研究地点 Research site	研究周期(年) Research period (year)	空间关系 Spatial correlation	时间关系 Temporal correlation	食性重叠 Dietary overlap
36	Steinmetz et al, 2021	奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand	7			√
37	Kumar et al, 2020	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India	0.50	√
38	Charaspet et al, 2021	会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand	1.42	√	√
39	Phumanee et al, 2021	湄王和孔兰国家公园, 泰国 Mae Wong and Khlong Lan National Parks, Thailand	0.83	√	√
40	Palei et al, 2021	西姆里帕尔虎保护区, 印度 Similipal Tiger Reserve, India	0.75			√

大型猎物 Large prey ( > 175 kg)	中型猎物 Medium-sized prey (30-175 kg)	虎豹区域共存 Regional coexistence	代表性分布区域 Representative distribution region
丰富 Rich	丰富 Rich	虎不会空间排除豹, 豹在小尺度或行为上躲避虎 Leopards will not be excluded by tigers but avoid in fine scale or behaviorally	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India
不丰富 Not rich	丰富 Rich	虎占据优质生境, 豹被空间排除至劣质生境 Tigers occupy prime habitat and exclude leopards to inferior habitats	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal
不丰富 Not rich	不丰富 Not rich	虎豹密度较低, 不能完全空间排除对方 Tigers and leopards have a low density and can not completely exclude each other	东北虎豹国家公园, 中国 Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park, China
匮乏 Scarcity	不丰富 Not rich	虎区域灭绝 Tigers regional extinction	博河野生动物保护区, 柬埔寨 Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia
匮乏 Scarcity	匮乏 Scarcity	虎豹区域灭绝 Tigers and leopard regional extinction	南埃普洛伊国家保护区, 老挝 Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area, Laos

大型猎物 Large prey ( > 175 kg)	中型猎物 Medium-sized prey (30-175 kg)	虎豹区域共存 Regional coexistence	代表性分布区域 Representative distribution region
丰富 Rich	丰富 Rich	虎不会空间排除豹, 豹在小尺度或行为上躲避虎 Leopards will not be excluded by tigers but avoid in fine scale or behaviorally	那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India
不丰富 Not rich	丰富 Rich	虎占据优质生境, 豹被空间排除至劣质生境 Tigers occupy prime habitat and exclude leopards to inferior habitats	奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal
不丰富 Not rich	不丰富 Not rich	虎豹密度较低, 不能完全空间排除对方 Tigers and leopards have a low density and can not completely exclude each other	东北虎豹国家公园, 中国 Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park, China
匮乏 Scarcity	不丰富 Not rich	虎区域灭绝 Tigers regional extinction	博河野生动物保护区, 柬埔寨 Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia
匮乏 Scarcity	匮乏 Scarcity	虎豹区域灭绝 Tigers and leopard regional extinction	南埃普洛伊国家保护区, 老挝 Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area, Laos

亚洲同域分布虎和豹竞争与共存关系概述

Competition and coexistence between tigers and leopards in Asia

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