生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8): 24138. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024138 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024138
韩思成1(), 陆道炜1(
), 韩宇辰1, 栗若寒1,2, 杨晶1, 孙戈3(
), 杨陆1, 钱俊伟4, 方翔4, 罗述金1,*(
)(
)
收稿日期:
2024-04-07
接受日期:
2024-06-17
出版日期:
2024-08-20
发布日期:
2024-06-18
通讯作者:
*E-mail: luo.shujin@pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
Sicheng Han1(), Daowei Lu1(
), Yuchen Han1, Ruohan Li1,2, Jing Yang1, Ge Sun3(
), Lu Yang1, Junwei Qian4, Xiang Fang4, Shu-Jin Luo1,*(
)(
)
Received:
2024-04-07
Accepted:
2024-06-17
Online:
2024-08-20
Published:
2024-06-18
Contact:
*E-mail: luo.shujin@pku.edu.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)是亚洲特有的小型野生猫科动物, 当华北豹(Panthera pardus japonensis)等大型食肉类绝迹后, 成为北京地区温带森林生态系统的主要捕食者, 是衡量其所在生态网络完整性的底线。本研究自2022年10月至2023年6月在北京西部一段环绕北京城区的马蹄形山地(定名为“京西半月湾”), 沿百望山-香山-西山-鹫峰-阳台山-妙峰山-凤凰岭-白虎涧一线共计开展16次徒步调查, 总路线覆盖180 km, 通过粪便样品的非损伤性采样和DNA分子遗传学物种鉴定, 获得258个豹猫分布位点, 确定了距离北京城区最近的浅山地区豹猫种群的广泛存在。本研究基于豹猫分布位点和选取的8个环境变量, 构建了豹猫物种分布的集合模型。结果显示, 在栖息地完整的情况下, 豹猫的分布主要受人为干扰因素影响, 其中到道路、不透水层等人类设施的距离对豹猫分布的解释率最高, 为42.71%; 其次是徒步强度, 解释率为20.12%。人类设施作为一种较强程度的人为干扰, 到此类生境的距离与豹猫的分布概率呈正相关, 豹猫的适宜栖息地与城市环境中的人类设施保持1,000 m以上的缓冲距离。徒步强度作为相对温和的人为干扰与豹猫的分布呈负相关, 但总体影响有限, 豹猫对于适度的人类活动表现出一定的生态可塑性和耐受能力。本研究结果表明, 在确保栖息地连续和食物链完整的前提下, 将人类干扰控制在适度范围内, 华北温带森林生态系统中以豹猫为代表的捕食者野生动物, 即便在毗邻北京城区的近郊浅山地区也有续存的希望。
韩思成, 陆道炜, 韩宇辰, 栗若寒, 杨晶, 孙戈, 杨陆, 钱俊伟, 方翔, 罗述金 (2024) 北京近郊浅山地区的野生豹猫分布及环境影响因素. 生物多样性, 32, 24138. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024138.
Sicheng Han, Daowei Lu, Yuchen Han, Ruohan Li, Jing Yang, Ge Sun, Lu Yang, Junwei Qian, Xiang Fang, Shu-Jin Luo (2024) Distribution of leopard cats in the nearest mountains to urban Beijing and its affecting environmental factors. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24138. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024138.
分类 Classification | 环境变量 Environmental variable | 代码 Code | 空间分辨率 Spatial resolution | 来源 Source | 方差膨胀因子 VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生境结构 Habitat structure | 坡度 Slope | Slo | 30 m × 30 m | Digital Elevation Model | 2.91 |
增强植被指数 Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | Evi | 250 m × 250 m | NASA MODIS | 1.78 | |
到水域的距离 Distance to waterways | Dwt | 30 m × 30 m | Open Street Map | 1.47 | |
草地占比 Percentage of grassland area | Pgl | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 1.88 | |
阔叶林占比 Percentage of broadleaved forest area | Pbf | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 3.11 | |
针叶林占比 Percentage of needle-leaved forest area | Pnf | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 1.57 | |
人类干扰 Human interference | 到人类设施的距离 Distance to artificial facilities | Daf | 30 m × 30 m | Open Street Map/GLC_FCS30- 1985_2020 | 1.89 |
徒步强度 Hiking intensity | Hit | 100 m × 100 m | 深圳市两步路信息技术有限公司 Shenzhen Liangbulu Information Technology Co., Ltd | 1.04 |
表1 用于物种分布模型构建的环境变量
Table 1 The environmental variables used for species distribution model construction
分类 Classification | 环境变量 Environmental variable | 代码 Code | 空间分辨率 Spatial resolution | 来源 Source | 方差膨胀因子 VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生境结构 Habitat structure | 坡度 Slope | Slo | 30 m × 30 m | Digital Elevation Model | 2.91 |
增强植被指数 Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) | Evi | 250 m × 250 m | NASA MODIS | 1.78 | |
到水域的距离 Distance to waterways | Dwt | 30 m × 30 m | Open Street Map | 1.47 | |
草地占比 Percentage of grassland area | Pgl | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 1.88 | |
阔叶林占比 Percentage of broadleaved forest area | Pbf | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 3.11 | |
针叶林占比 Percentage of needle-leaved forest area | Pnf | 100 m × 100 m | GLC_FCS30-1985_2020 | 1.57 | |
人类干扰 Human interference | 到人类设施的距离 Distance to artificial facilities | Daf | 30 m × 30 m | Open Street Map/GLC_FCS30- 1985_2020 | 1.89 |
徒步强度 Hiking intensity | Hit | 100 m × 100 m | 深圳市两步路信息技术有限公司 Shenzhen Liangbulu Information Technology Co., Ltd | 1.04 |
图2 进行建模的10种物种分布模型的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)与真实技巧统计(TSS)值的评估结果。ANN: 人工神经元网络; CTA: 分类树分析; FDA: 柔性判别分析; GAM: 广义相加模型; GBM: 推进式回归树; GLM: 广义线性模型; MARS: 多元适应回归样条函数; MaxEnt: 最大熵模型; RF: 随机森林; SRE: 表面分布区分室模型。
Fig. 2 Values of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the true skill statistics (TSS) for 10 species distribution models (SDMs). ANN, Artificial neural networks; CTA, Classification tree analysis; FDA, Flexible discriminant analysis; GAM, Generalized additive models; GBM, Generalized boosted models; GLM, Generalized linear models; MARS, Multivariate adaptive regression splines; MaxEnt, Maximum entropy; RF, Random forests; SRE, Surface range envelope.
图3 8种环境变量对本研究区域豹猫分布影响的贡献。Evi: 增强植被指数; Pgl: 草地占比; Pnf: 针叶林占比; Pbf: 阔叶林占比; Slo: 坡度; Dwt: 到水域的距离; Daf: 到人类设施的距离; Hit: 徒步强度。
Fig. 3 Contribution of eight environmental variables to the distribution of leopard cats. Evi, Enhanced vegetation index; Pgl, Percentage area of grassland; Pnf, Percentage area of needle-leaved forest; Pbf, Percentage area of broadleaved forest; Slo, Slope; Dwt, Distance to waterways; Daf, Distance to artificial facilities; Hit, Hiking intensity.
图4 北京西部浅山地区地区豹猫分布概率与不同环境变量的响应曲线
Fig. 4 Response curves of environmental variables for leopard cats in the shallow mountainous area west of urban Beijing. EVI, Enhanced vegetation index.
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