外来物种入侵与本土物种分布区扩张的异同

doi:10.17520/biods.2023396

生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 23396. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023396

外来物种入侵与本土物种分布区扩张的异同

韩丽霞¹^,²(), 王永健²^,^*()(), 刘宣¹^,³^,^*()()

1.中国科学院动物研究所动物生态与保护生物学院重点实验室, 北京 100101
2.华中农业大学园艺林学学院, 武汉 430070
3.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2023-10-19 接受日期:2023-12-27 出版日期:2024-01-20 发布日期:2024-01-25
通讯作者: *E-mail: liuxuan@ioz.ac.cn;yongjianwang@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32171657);国家自然科学基金(32270549);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2022xjkk0800);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0600);南疆经济与社会高质量发展研究项目(NFS2101);中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(Y201920)

Comparisons between non-native species invasion and native species range expansion

Lixia Han¹^,²(), Yongjian Wang²^,^*()(), Xuan Liu¹^,³^,^*()()

1 Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
2 College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2023-10-19 Accepted:2023-12-27 Online:2024-01-20 Published:2024-01-25
Contact: *E-mail: liuxuan@ioz.ac.cn;yongjianwang@126.com

1. 附录.pdf(331KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当今全球变化背景下, 物种分布区正发生着快速变化, 一类是人类活动介导下的生物入侵过程, 另一类是本土物种的自然分布区扩张。两者之间既具有相似之处, 亦有明显差异。探讨两者间异同是发展外来入侵物种管控和本土物种保护策略的基础科学问题。本文以两栖爬行类、鸟类和哺乳类等陆栖脊椎动物为例, 在阐述外来物种入侵过程的基础上, 将其与本土物种的分布区变化进行比较并阐述了两者间的异同。我们发现, 伴随经济贸易发展和人口流动, 外来物种正在加剧入侵; 同时, 发生分布范围变化的本土物种数量也在迅速增加。两者在分布区变化过程中的驱动因子、时空尺度、发生速度、物种特征的预测能力以及对新分布区的影响方面具有明显差异: 人类活动介导下的外来物种入侵通常会经历长距离迁移, 甚至跨越生物地理区系, 并在入侵区快速扩散, 物种特征在预测外来物种入侵过程中起着重要作用, 对当地生物多样性造成严重威胁; 本土物种分布区扩张通常发生在原生范围的邻近区域, 发生速度较慢, 物种特征在预测分布区扩展中的作用有限, 且对新区域的负面影响较小。由于在短期内很难全面判定外来物种和发生分布区变化的本土物种的生态影响, 我们建议应对新分布区内的外来物种和本土物种进行密切监测和长期研究, 对其可能引发的生态学效应进行早期预警和评估, 以最大限度地限制其潜在危害并保护生物多样性。

关键词: 生物入侵, 生物多样性保护, 全球变化, 生态位动态, 分布区扩张

Abstract

Background & Aim: In response to the rapid global change, a growing number of species have been undergoing range shifts, which includes two main processes: one is the non-native species invasion mediated by human activities, and the other is the natural range expansion of native species. There are both similarities and differences between these two processes. It is thus critically important to distinguish their similarities and differences to develop scientific strategies for invasive species prevention and native species conservation.

Progresses: By comparing the non-native species invasion and native species range expansion, we found that both non-native species invasion and native species range expansion are increasing under global change. However, there are obvious differences in potential drivers, spatial-temporal scales, occurring rates, species traits predicting the process, and impacts on new ranges between the two processes. The non-native species invasion usually occurs over long distance with the aid of human activity, spreads rapidly after establishment, high predictive ability of species traits, and poses a serious threat to local biodiversity. By contrast, range expansion of native species usually occurs at smaller spatial scales, slower occurring rates, and lower predictive ability of species traits, thus generally has less impacts on new regions.

Prospects: As it is difficult to accurately determine the potential impacts of new-arrival species on recipient habitats, long-term monitoring and studies assessing the biological and ecological effects of these two processes on local population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem function are needed, which is important to develop schemes of non-native species mitigation and native biodiversity conservation.

Key words: biological invasion, biodiversity conservation, global change, niche dynamic, range expansion

中图分类号:

Q958

韩丽霞, 王永健, 刘宣 (2024) 外来物种入侵与本土物种分布区扩张的异同. 生物多样性, 32, 23396. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023396.

Lixia Han, Yongjian Wang, Xuan Liu (2024) Comparisons between non-native species invasion and native species range expansion. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23396. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023396.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023396

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I1/23396

图/表 4

Box 1 本文中涉及生态位相关的专业词汇释义
专业词汇 Specialized words	释义 Understanding definitions
生态位追踪 Niche tracking	物种可以通过在地理空间上遵循环境边界(如向更高海拔或更高纬度方向移动)来保持在适宜环境空间中的分布(Monahan & Hijmans, 2008)。
气候生态位 Climatic niche	物种能够生存的非生物条件, 特别指由温度、降水等气候因子来限制的环境空间(Pearman et al, 2008)。
生态位保守性 Niche conservatism	物种在大的时空尺度下生态位趋于不变(Wiens & Graham, 2005; Peterson, 2011)。
生态位偏移 Niche shift	物种的生态位(哈钦森生态位)宽度和/或位置的变化(Pearman et al, 2008; Liu et al, 2020)。

表1 外来入侵物种与本土物种在分布区变化中的主要差异

Table 1 Differences between invasive non-native species and native species during range shift

	外来物种入侵过程 Non-native species invasion	本土物种分布区扩张过程 Native species range expansion	参考文献 Reference
驱动因子 Driving factors	人类协助过程为主 Human-assisted processes	环境变化驱动为主 Environmental change drivers	2015
空间尺度 Spatial scales	长距离, 通常跨地理区系 Long distance, often across geographic realm	短/中距离 Short/medium distance	2019
发生速度 Occurring rates	较快 Faster	较慢 Slower	2021
物种特征 Species traits	具有较强预测性 Higher predictability	具有较低预测性 Lower predictability	2021
对新分布区的影响 Impacts on new ranges	负面影响较大 More negative impacts	负面影响较小 Less negative impacts	2022

图1 典型的外来物种入侵与本土物种的分布区扩张案例。深蓝色区域代表物种历史自然分布区, 红色区域代表入侵区; 蓝色点和红色点分别代表扩张分布点和入侵区分布点。物种分布信息源自多个数据库(见附录1), 物种历史自然分布区源自世界自然保护联盟(IUCN, https://www.iucnredlist.org/); 地理区系源自Holt等(2013)。物种插图源自IUCN、全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF, http://www.gbif.org/)和动物多样性网(ADW, https://animaldiversity.org/)。

Fig. 1 Typical examples on non-native species invasion and native species range expansion. Dark blue areas represent historical natural ranges, red areas represent invasive ranges; the blue and red dots represent the expansion and invasive distribution points, respectively. Species distribution information from multiple databases (see Appendix 1); historical natural range of species from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, https://www.iucnredlist.org/). The geographic realms from Holt et al, 2013. Species illustrations from IUCN, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, http://www.gbif.org/) and Animal Diversity Web (ADW, https://animaldiversity.org/).

图2 全球变化下外来物种入侵过程和本土物种分布区扩张过程的管控建议

Fig. 2 Management suggestions of the non-native species invasion process and native species range expansion process under global change

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外来物种入侵与本土物种分布区扩张的异同

Comparisons between non-native species invasion and native species range expansion

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