图1 微生物不同生态相互作用类型与模型预测的垂直截面空间模式(改自Momeni et al, 2013a)。A: 两个细菌种群的不同相互作用形式, 实线箭头表示净适合度收益提高(+), 虚线箭头表示净适合度收益降低(-), 无箭头表示净适合度收益不变(0)。B: 两个细菌种群以不同相互作用形式形成群落垂直方向的不同分布模式。a-f分别对应A中的竞争、偏利共生、偏害共生、寄生、相互对抗和合作相互作用。红色与绿色表示不同的细菌种群, 分别以字母R和G表示, 与字母邻近的括号中的符号代表适合度收益: +表示净适合度增高, -表示净适合度降低, 0表示净适合度不变。例如, R [+ -] G描述红色菌群净适合度增高, 而绿色菌群净适合度降低的寄生相互作用。

Fig. 1 Different ecological interaction types and vertical cross-sectional spatial patterns of microorganisms with model predictions (adapted from Momeni et al, 2013a). A, Different forms of interaction between two bacterial populations, with solid arrows indicating increased net fitness benefits (+), dashed connectors indicating decreased net fitness benefits (-), and no arrows indicating no fitness benefits (0). B, Two bacterial populations formed different distributions patterns in the vertical direction of the community. a-f corresponding to competition, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, mutual antagonism and cooperation, respectively. The red and green colors indicate different bacterial populations, denoted by the R and G, respectively. The symbols in parentheses close to the alphabet represent fitness benefits: + indicates an increase in net fitness, - represents a decrease in net fitness, and 0 means no change in net fitness. For example, R [+ -] G describes a parasitic interaction in which the net fitness of the red colony increases while the net fitness of the green colony decreases.

图2 计算机模拟不同生态相互作用的代表性水平面空间模式(改自Blanchard & Lu, 2015)。红色与绿色表示不同的细菌种群, 分别以字母R和G表示, 与字母邻近的括号中的符号代表适合度收益: +表示净适合度增高, -表示净适合度降低, 0表示净适合度不变。例如, R [- +] G描述红色菌群净适合度降低, 而绿色菌群净适合度增高的寄生相互作用。在不同的生态相互作用形式扩张过程中, 两个细菌群落形成不同类型的水平面空间模式。

Fig. 2 Representative horizontal surface spatial patterns of different ecological interactions with computer simulation (adapted from Blanchard & Lu, 2015). The red and green colors indicate different bacterial populations, denoted by the R and G, respectively. The symbols in parentheses close to the alphabet represent fitness benefits: + indicates an increase in net fitness, - represents a decrease in net fitness, and 0 means no change in net fitness. For example, R [- +] G describes a parasitic interaction in which the net fitness of the red colony decreases while the net fitness of the green colony increases. Two bacterial communities form different types of horizontal surface spatial patterns during expansion with different forms of ecological interactions.

图3 竞争与合作相互作用的空间自组织过程。不同颜色的细菌代表不同的物种。细菌最初随机分布于环境中, 在生长和扩散过程中, 竞争相互作用导致不同物种在空间上隔离, 而彼此间的合作使不同物种在空间上相互混合。

Fig. 3 Spatial self-organization process of competition and cooperation interactions. Different colors represent different bacterial species. Bacteria initially distribute randomly in the environment. During growth and dispersal, competitive interactions will lead to spatial segregation of different species, while cooperation among them allows different species to mix with each other spatially.

图4 欺骗者入侵合作系统空间模式示意图。本图改编自Momeni等(2013b)的研究。根据Momeni等(2013b)的实验结果, 蓝色区域代表合作伙伴, 黄色区域代表合作者, 绿色区域代表欺骗者。合作者们趋向于相互混合, 相互嵌套, 而欺骗者被排挤在群落外围, 这种空间模式有效提高合作者的相互作用频率并避免被欺骗者剥削。

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of spatial pattern of the cheater invading the cooperative system. This figure was adapted from the study of Momeni et al (2013b). According to the experimental results of Momeni et al (2013b), the blue area represents the cooperative partner, the yellow area represents the cooperator, and the green area represented the cheater. Cooperators tend to mix with each other, while cheaters are crowded out of the community. This spatial pattern effectively increases the frequency of interaction of cooperators and avoids being exploited by cheaters.