Local biodiversity strategies and action plans and their contributions to the realization of China’s biodiversity conservation goals

doi:10.17520/biods.2025365

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aims: In response to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023‒2030) (China’s NBSAP) was released in January 2024, aiming to guide the overall layout of biodiversity conservation in China and provide guidance for local efforts in biodiversity conservation. The release of China’s NBSAP has spurred the formulation and update of a new round of local biodiversity strategies and action plans (LBSAPs). This paper collects and summarizes the new round of LBSAPs released by 17 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China after the release of China’s NBSAP. The response of LBSAPs to China’s NBSAP was analyzed from three aspects: protection goals, priority actions, and guarantee mechanisms. The compatibility between local biodiversity governance and national actions was sorted out. The differences and influencing factors in target setting among different regions and provinces in China were studied. The bottlenecks in multi-level governance were revealed and the optimization paths were proposed.

Results: The provincial LBSAPs are closely aligned with the goals, action directions and guarantee mechanisms of China’s NBSAP. Based on the framework of the China’s NBSAP, each province has proposed local goals, actions, and guarantee measures in accordance with local conditions. The characteristics of biodiversity governance show regional differences. However, most local biodiversity protection efforts still face difficulties such as unclear target paths, poor departmental coordination, insufficient funds, weak technological capabilities and insufficient public participation.

Recommendations: The state should promote and guide localities to scientifically formulate and implement LBSAPs, and local governments urgently need to strengthen overall coordination, optimize fund allocation, enhance scientific and technological capabilities, and promote the collaborative efforts of the central and local governments in biodiversity governance to help achieve the goals of China’s NBSAP.

Key words: biodiversity, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, local biodiversity strategy and action plan, response, local implementation pathways, governance

Yang Wu, Mengchan Yang, Fangfang Sun, Yu Tian. Local biodiversity strategies and action plans and their contributions to the realization of China’s biodiversity conservation goals[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(12): 25365.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025365

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I12/25365

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 The response of the new round of 17 provincial LBSAPs (local biodiversity strategies and action plans) to the quantitative targets of China’s NBSAP. Due to the limited availability of LBSAP targets in Jilin, Henan and Shaanxi, this study only covers a portion of the targets.

Fig. 2 Number of actions in the new round of 17 provincial LBSAPs (local biodiversity strategies and action plans)

Fig. 3 Responses of local biodiversity strategies and action plans (LBSAPs) to priority actions of the China’s NBSAP

References 24

[1]	CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2008) CBD/COP/DEC/IX/28: Promoting Engagement of Cities and Local Authorities. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-09/cop-09-dec-28-en.pdf. (accessed on 2024-11-20)
[2]	CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2010) CBD/COP/DEC/X/22: Plan of Action on Subnational Governments, Cities and Other Local Authorities for Biodiversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-10/cop-10-dec-22-en.pdf. (accessed on 2024-11-20)
[3]	CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2022a) CBD/COP/ DEC/15/6: Mechanisms for Planning, Monitoring, Reporting and Review. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/co p-15/cop-15-dec-06-en.pdf. (accessed on 2024-11-20)
[4]	CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2022b) CBD/COP/ DEC/15/12: Engagement with Subnational Governments, Cities and Other Local Authorities to Enhance Implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-12-en.pdf. (accessed on 2024-11-20)
[5]	European Commission (2020) EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0380. (accessed on 2025-10-10)
[6]	Gu JJ, Liu YZ, Su Y (2025) The functions and challenges of grass-roots local governments in fulfilling the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework—A comparative analysis with the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24585. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[顾婧婧, 刘宜卓, 苏杨 (2025) 基层地方政府在完成《昆蒙框架》中的作用和难点: 基于《联合国气候变化框架公约》任务的比较. 生物多样性, 33, 24585.] DOI
[7]	Huang JL, Wang QL, Wang AH (2025) Challenges and countermeasures for local governments in the implementation of the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030). Biodiversity Science, 33, 24573. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[黄金丽, 王茜璐, 王爱华 (2025) 地方政府执行《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》的难点及对策建议. 生物多样性, 33, 24573.]
[8]	Jiang XY, Xu JY, Sheng XM, Zhu Y (2025) Synergies and differences between the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24575. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[姜雪原, 徐嘉忆, 盛学敏, 朱源 (2025) 《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》与《昆蒙框架》的协同与差异. 生物多样性, 33, 24575.] DOI
[9]	Li XQ, Dong ZF, Ge CZ, Li XL (2022) Study on innovative policy for financing biodiversity. Environmental Protection, 50(8), 28-31. (in Chinese)
	[李晓琼, 董战峰, 葛察忠, 李晓亮 (2022) 生物多样性保护的金融政策创新研究. 环境保护, 50(8), 28-31.]
[10]	Liu L, Zang MY, Ma Y, Wan YQ, Hu FL, Lu XQ, Liu Y (2025) Measures, progress and prospects of central-local cooperation in the implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24532. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[刘立, 臧明月, 马月, 万雅琼, 胡飞龙, 卢晓强, 刘燕 (2025) 央地协同推动国家生物多样性战略和行动计划执行的措施、进展与展望. 生物多样性, 33, 24532.] DOI
[11]	Liu WH, Duan HX, Zhang FC, Liu HO, Li ZY, Zhang WG, Du LS (2025) The analysis of the implementation pathways for achieving biodiversity governance goals through a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach. Research of Environmental Sciences, 38, 9-17. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘文慧, 段禾祥, 张风春, 刘海鸥, 李子圆, 张文国, 杜乐山 (2025) 以全政府和全社会方法推动生物多样性治理目标实现路径分析. 环境科学研究, 38, 9-17.]
[12]	Ma KP (2023) Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: An important global agenda for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23133. (in Chinese) DOI
	[马克平 (2023) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》是重要的全球生物多样性保护议程. 生物多样性, 31, 23133.] DOI
[13]	Mace GM, Barrett M, Burgess ND, Cornell SE, Freeman R, Grooten M, Purvis A (2018) Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss. Nature Sustainability, 1, 448-451. DOI
[14]	Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (2024) China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030). (in Chinese)
	[生态环境部 (2024) 中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年).]https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hjywnews/202401/W020240123333807288143.pdf. (accessed on 2025-05-02)
[15]	Ministry of the Environment of Japan (2023) National Biodiversity Strategy 2023-2030. https://www.env.go.jp/content/000293532.pdf. (accessed on 2025-10-10)
[16]	Tian Y, Li JS (2024) Analysis of the connotation and implementation path for the 30 by 30 target in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24086. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[田瑜, 李俊生 (2024) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》“3030”目标的内涵及实现路径分析. 生物多样性, 32, 24086.] DOI
[17]	Wang Y, Zhang FC, Nan X, Li HT, Liu HO (2022) Financial issues of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its reference for China’s CBD implementation. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22401. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[王也, 张风春, 南希, 李宏涛, 刘海鸥 (2022) 《生物多样性公约》资金问题分析及对我国履约的启示. 生物多样性, 30, 22401.] DOI
[18]	Wu JY, Yu ZD, Liu Hou, Liu JX, Zhao FW, Xue DY (2015) Progresses and promotion strategy of provincial biodiversity strategy and action plans. China Population, Resources and Environment, 25(S1), 555-557. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[武建勇, 于之的, 刘海鸥, 刘纪新, 赵富伟, 薛达元 (2015) 省级生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(BSAP)编制进展和实施策略. 中国人口·资源与环境, 25(S1), 555-557.]
[19]	Xu HG, Gregory RD, Cao Y, Zhang RQ, Zhang LR, Gill M, Yu DD, Yi JF, Liu W, Lin HM (2025) Embracing global biodiversity toward a better planet. Eco-Environment & Health, 4, 100147.
[20]	Xu J, Wang JZ (2023) Analysis of the main elements and implications of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23020. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[徐靖, 王金洲 (2023) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》主要内容及其影响. 生物多样性, 31, 23020.] DOI
[21]	Yang J, Yang XD, Liu XY, Zhou J (2025) Perspectives of urban biodiversity studies in China serving Target 12 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25104. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[杨军, 杨旭东, 刘心怡, 周景 (2025) 面向《昆蒙框架》目标12的中国城市生物多样性研究展望. 生物多样性, 33, 25104.] DOI
[22]	Yang MC, Fang QN, Rong CZ, Hu SF, Zhao JJ, Liang ZJ, Lee TM (2025) Review of the application and outlook of citizen science as an approach for monitoring urban biodiversity. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24464. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[杨梦婵, 方启年, 戎灿中, 胡思帆, 赵晶晶, 梁智健, 李添明 (2025) 公民科学在城市生物多样性调查监测上的应用现状与前景. 生物多样性, 33, 24464.] DOI
[23]	Zang MY, Liu L, Liu Y (2025) Main elements and implications of China’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030). Science & Technology Review, 43(13), 22-31. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[臧明月, 刘立, 刘燕 (2025) 《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》的主要内容及其影响. 科技导报, 43(13), 22-31.] DOI
[24]	Zang MY, Liu L, Ma Y, Xu X, Hu FL, Lu XQ, Li JQ, Yu CG, Liu Y (2025) China’s urban biodiversity conservation under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24482. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[臧明月, 刘立, 马月, 徐徐, 胡飞龙, 卢晓强, 李佳琦, 于赐刚, 刘燕 (2025) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》下的中国城市生物多样性保护. 生物多样性, 33, 24482.] DOI