Background & Aims: Coevolution is widely recognized as a fundamental driver of Earth’s biodiversity. Understanding coevolutionary processes is crucial for deciphering the evolutionary dynamics of species interactions and community assembly. Cophylogenetic analysis is a key tool for inferring the outcomes of coevolutionary processes in interspecies interactions and interaction networks. This review aims to systematically summarize methods and recent advances in cophylogenetic analysis and to provide insights into their applications for studying coevolutionary processes. 

Progress: We first introduce the conceptual foundations of coevolution and its significance in biodiversity research. We then present a detailed overview of cophylogenetic analysis methods. For pairwise interactions, we describe and compare global-fit and event-based methods, highlighting their principles, strengths, limitations, and applications. For complex multi-species interactions, we discuss phylogenetic cascade approaches and network-based approaches. We then review key applications of cophylogenetic analysis in studying antagonistic, competitive, and mutualistic interactions. Finally, we outline how cophylogenetic analysis has been used to investigate community assembly processes. 

Perspectives: Advancing cophylogenetic methods is crucial for improving our understanding of coevolutionary patterns. Key challenges include the lack of direct links between phylogenetic congruence and true coevolutionary processes, as well as limitations in accuracy assessment. Recent frameworks, such as cophylospace, enhance explanatory power by incorporating interaction network structures. Simulation tools, combined with machine learning approaches, show promise for evaluating and improving accuracy assessments. Future research should integrate reticulate phylogenies, phylogenetic dating, and quantitative measures of interaction into cophylogenetic inference. Furthermore, a more universal and adaptable framework could be developed through integration with multidisciplinary technologies such as artificial intelligence. These advancements will deepen our understanding of coevolutionary processes across ecological scales and contexts.

Aims: Genetic data are playing an increasingly vital role in biodiversity research and conservation practices. However, researchers often face constraints such as data quality deficiencies and uneven geographic or taxonomic distribution when utilizing this data. While the genetic data patterns of terrestrial vertebrates have been extensively studied, the spatial distribution patterns of genetic data for global plants, fungi, and other animal groups still lack systematic empirical research. This study aims to assess the current coverage of genetic data across three major eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi), focusing on representative molecular markers to analyze metadata completeness and spatiotemporal distribution patterns, thereby identifying key bottlenecks in biodiversity research applications. 

Methods: This study employed a multi-scale analytical approach to evaluate genetic data across the three eukaryotic kingdoms. First, comprehensive statistical analyses were conducted on sequence and genome datasets. We then specifically assessed metadata completeness for three standard DNA barcodes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI; Animalia), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL; Plantae), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS; Fungi). Finally, we systematically analyzed the spatial distribution patterns and interannual variation trends of these genetic data using geographic grids of different resolutions (4° × 4° for global scale and 2° × 2° for China). 

Results: The results demonstrate that the kingdom Animalia possesses approximately 270 million sequences and 16,000 genomic datasets, surpassing both Plantae (approximately 140 million sequences, 7,000 genomes) and Fungi (approximately 20 million sequences, 17,000 genomes). Geographic metadata deficiencies were prevalent across all three standard barcode markers (COI, rbcL, and ITS). ITS sequences exhibiting the highest rate of missing geographic coordinate data (92.07%), followed by rbcL (83.19%) and COI (26.40%). The spatiotemporal distribution pattern demonstrates a distinct “Northern Hemisphere Centralization” at the global scale, with North America, Western Europe, and East Asia being the dominant regions, while the Southern Hemisphere generally lacks data; At the same time, a declining trend was observed in COI and rbcL data, while ITS data exhibited rapid growth. In China, a unique distribution emerged, characterized by “Southern Animalia, Eastern Plantae, and Northern Fungi”, with significant data shortages in the northwest region. Over time, data for Plantae and Fungi in China continue to grow, while data for Animalia remain stable. 

Conclusion: These findings highlight that deficiencies in genetic data quality and imbalances in spatial distribution have become important bottlenecks restricting biodiversity research. To address these issues, we recommend the establishment of stringent metadata archiving standards, increased scientific research investment in underrepresented areas such as the Southern Hemisphere and Northwest China, and the promotion of equitable global data resource allocation through the construction of an international scientific research cooperation network. These measures aim to enhance the application value of genetic data in biodiversity research and conservation practices.

Aims: Gymnospermium kiangnanense is a rare and endangered plant species endemic to China. Its distribution is restricted to Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, and it has been catalogued in the local registry of rare and endangered flora. However, there is relatively little research on it. Therefore, to investigate the genetic structure and elucidate the endangered mechanisms of G. kianganese, we conducted a comprehensive analysis based on its chloroplast genome, leading to evidence-based conservation recommendations. 

Methods: This study assembled chloroplast genome sequences from 39 individuals across 6 populations to enhance the conservation of G. kiangnanense. Based on these chloroplast genomes, comparative genomic analyses and population genetic structure analyses were conducted to explore conservation strategies for G. kiangnanense. 

Results: (1) The chloroplast genome of G. kiangnanense was highly conserved in terms of sequence composition, gene structure, and gene content, among which simple sequence repeats (SSRs) types exhibited obvious population characteristics. (2) The three non-coding regions in the chloroplast genome, namely spacer between psbZ and trnG-GCC (psbZ–trnG-GCC), spacer between trnT-UGU and trnL-UAA (trnT-UGU–trnL-UAA), and spacer between ycf1 and ndhF (ycf1–ndhF), all exhibited high variability. Meanwhile, the ndhF gene also showed high nucleotide diversity, suggesting that these regions had potential as molecular markers. (3) The chloroplast genome showed high genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation among populations. (4) Analysis of 39 chloroplast genome sequences from 6 populations identified 14 haplotypes, which were classified into 3 distinct lineages through Network and Beast analyses. (5) The variation among the populations of G. kiangnanense was significant, and it had a clear geographical structure of lineages. (6) Demographic history analysis indicated a stable population size in G. kiangnanense, with no evidence of past expansion. 

Conclusion: Gymnospermium kiangnanense employs an outcrossing reproductive strategy, which not only enhances genetic variation but also mitigates inbreeding depression. Moreover, the existence of glacial refugia in eastern China during the Quaternary Ice Age offered a stable habitat for this species, thereby further promoting its population genetic diversity. Nevertheless, several factors are likely contributing to its endangered status, including low seed-setting rates, limited seed dispersal capacity, and excessive human activities. Therefore, based on the analysis of the chloroplast genome and conservation genetics of G. kiangnanense, the following conservation strategies are proposed: (1) Establish three conservation units according to distinct genetic lineages, with priority given to protecting the Fenglinxia Village population in Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, through the creation of a conservation area. (2) Implement managed bee pollination during the flowering period to enhance pollination and seed set rates. (3) Reduce population density to improve light availability for seedlings and promote their growth. (4) Complement in situ conservation with ex situ efforts by establishing artificial breeding programs in suitable botanical gardens. (5) Strengthen scientific outreach to minimize anthropogenic disturbances. (6) Promote its propagation and conservation through rational exploitation of its medicinal value in pharmaceutical development.

Background & Aim: This study aims to clarify the species diversity, distribution patterns, and environmental adaptation mechanisms of the genus Calligonum, in order to provide a scientific basis for its taxonomic revision. Global taxonomic data and multi-source databases including Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were integrated to clarify its global distribution pattern; morphological measurements and comparative analyses of achenes from Central Asian specimens in the Tashkent Plant Herbarium (TASH) collection were conducted; a systematic investigation of its phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal variations, and ecological adaptation mechanisms was carried out through a multidisciplinary literature review. 

Review Results: Calligonum was widely distributed across arid regions from the Sahara to Central Asia, with Central Asia serving as its distribution and diversity center (34 recorded species). As the eastern margin of its distribution, China hosted 23 species, 17 of which were shared with Central Asia. This disjunct circum-Mediterranean distribution pattern may be associated with geological events such as the uplift of the Himalayas. The distribution of Calligonum was co-influenced by moisture, temperature, and soil factors. It was primarily found in arid zones with annual precipitation below 200 mm, exhibiting significant interspecific divergence in water-use strategies. Low temperatures and seasonal variations restricted its northward expansion, and it showed a preference for low-salinity, highly alkaline, and sandy soil types. The genus employed multi-level adaptive strategies, including physiological regulation and stoichiometric adjustments, to cope with arid conditions, thereby demonstrating clear ecological niche differentiation. 

Perspectives: As a keystone taxon in the arid regions of Central Asia, Calligonum exhibits rich species diversity and rapid evolutionary potential. Future studies should integrate multidisciplinary approaches such as genomics and ecology to enhance understanding of its speciation and adaptation mechanisms. Furthermore, comprehensive conservation strategies focusing on germplasm preservation and ecological restoration should be promoted to ensure the long-term sustainability of the genus and its ecological functions.

Aims: Integrative taxonomy, which combines multiple lines of evidence, offers an effective approach for resolving species boundaries. The cannabina Clade of the genus Urtica is widely distributed across the Third Pole, a region characterized by exceptional biodiversity and distinctive ecological environments. Despite its wide distribution, species boundaries within this clade have been challenging to resolve due to morphological complexity and a complicated evolutionary history. In this study, we conducted an integrative taxonomic assessment of four species of cannabina Clade (Urtica cannabina; U. triangularis; U. dioica; U. hyperborea) from the Third Pole by integrating genomic data with analyses of geographic distribution and morphological traits, using U. mairei, U. membranifolia and several related genera as outgroups. 

Methods: Geographic boundaries were delineated using ArcGIS based on occurrence records from GBIF, PPBC, NPSRC, iNaturalist, and records collected from the field. Morphological traits differentiation was assessed via principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 16 morphological traits. Phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure were reconstructed based on plastid genome data and the Angiosperms353 nuclear gene set from 50 individuals of the cannabina Clade. 

Results: Our analyses revealed the following key findings: (1) Urtica hyperborea was a well-supported monophyletic clade, exhibiting distinct morphological and geographic range. Although it overlapped in distribution with U. dioica in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains, they typically occupied different altitudinal gradients; (2) Urtica dioica subsp. dioica displayed significant divergence in distribution, morphology, and genomic from U. dioica subsp. afghanica and U. dioica subsp. gansuensis, suggesting the possible presence of cryptic species. However, their taxonomic status required further investigation; (3) Urtica triangularis, U. cannabina, and U. dioica showed geographical overlapping and little clustering difference in both morphological and genetic data. The observed cyto-nuclear discordance indicated potential genetic introgression among these taxa. Morphological convergence among species in high-altitude environments might contribute to the difficulty in distinguishing between them based on their traits. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the integration of plastome data with the Angiosperm353 nuclear gene dataset showed great promise in delimiting closely related species. 

Conclusion: Through the integration of multiple lines of evidences, this study comprehensively delineates species boundaries within the cannabina Clade and offers new insights into plant evolutionary processes in the Third Pole. These findings not only enhance our understanding of interspecific relationships and distribution patterns within the genus Urtica, but also offer a robust methodological framework for exploring the integrative taxonomy in other plants across the region.

Aims: Climatic change and anthropogenic activities have become the principal threats to global biodiversity. Genetic diversity, a fundamental component of biodiversity, is integral to species’ adaptation to environmental changes. Amphibians and mammals have distinct differences in evolutionary history, physiological functions, and ecological behaviors. Notably, their contrasting thermoregulatory capacities and mobility render amphibians may be more susceptible to climate change and human activities than mammals. However, it remains uncertain whether these differences result in divergent patterns of genetic diversity. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity are the critical metrics in assessing genetic diversity, yet their respective responses to climatic and anthropogenic influences need to be further investigated. 

Methods: This study concentrated on amphibians and mammals, employing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment to investigate the impacts of climatic factors and human activities on haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these two vertebrate groups. 

Results: We found a substantial difference in overall nucleotide diversity (D = 0.230, P < 0.01) and haplotype diversity (D = 0.211, P < 0.05) between amphibians and mammals. Distinct patterns were recorded on that how climatic and anthropogenic factors influenced nucleotide and haplotype diversity between the two groups. For amphibians, haplotype diversity was positively correlated with precipitation seasonality range (β = 0.467, P < 0.05), while it was negatively correlated with the annual temperature range (β = −0.223, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the human influence index (HII) showed a positive correlation with amphibian nucleotide diversity (β = 0.035, P < 0.05). Conversely, in mammals, HII was negatively correlated with haplotype diversity (β = ‒0.018, P < 0.05), whereas the annual temperature exhibited a positive correlation with nucleotide diversity (β = 0.002, P < 0.05). 

Conclusion: Our results underscore the complexity of genetic diversity responses to climatic and anthropogenic influences. We advocate for the integration of multiple metrics to investigate the distribution patterns of genetic diversity and their driving factors. Future research should further explore the mechanisms through which human activities and climatic factors impact genetic diversity across various animal groups, aiming to develop more targeted biodiversity conservation strategies.

Aims: Understanding the link between genetic diversity and species distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation. Genetic diversity facilitates species’ adaptation to climate change, whereas area size results from the combined effects of climate change and species’ adaptive capacity. Under this context, climatic factors can be considered a pivotal link between genetic diversity and area size, exerting a regulatory influence on their relationship. 

Methods: To assess the above hypothesis, the current study examined the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment in avian species, exploring the influence of 8 climatic factors (annual temperature, annual temperature range, annual precipitation, annual precipitation range, precipitation seasonality, precipitation seasonality range, temperature seasonality, temperature seasonality range) on the relationships between haplotype diversity and area size, as well as nucleotide diversity and area size. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were utilized as principal indicators of genetic diversity in this analysis. 

Results: Results show that the overall nucleotide diversity of birds was 0.008 ± 0.001(mean ± SE), and the haplotype diversity was 0.699 ± 0.011. Additionally, the results revealed that climatic factor differentially affect the relationship between genetic diversity and area size. Notably, climatic factor predominantly influence the relationship between haplotype diversity and area size indirectly by altering the area size (df = 6, χ² = 10.77, AIC = 2,231.8, BIC = 2,270.5). In contrast, for nucleotide diversity, the climatic factor exert a dual impact, affecting both the area size and nucleotide diversity, thereby mediating the relationship between nucleotide diversity and area size in a more complex manner (df = 0, χ² = 0, AIC = 2,155.0, BIC = 2,219.6). 

Conclusion: Our results recommend that multiple genetic diversity indices should be considered when examining the effects of climate change on genetic diversity. Additionally, more targeted biodiversity conservation strategies should be developed to effectively address the challenges posed by future climate change.

Aims: The Zhongshan partridge duck is the only local duck breed in Guangdong Province and represents the most representative rare genetic resource in Zhongshan City. However, current research lacks a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Zhongshan partridge duck populations, limiting protection and resource utilization. The primary objectives of this study are to systematically analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of the Zhongshan partridge duck populations using whole-genome resequencing technology, evaluate the conservation effectiveness of its captive breeding programs in maintaining genetic integrity, and propose scientifically informed strategies for the protection of this genetic resource. 

Methods: We collected 91 samples from seven duck populations in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and obtained resequencing data for 388 samples from 19 additional populations through the NCBI database, generating a combined dataset of 479 individuals representing 22 duck breeds. Population-level variant detection was conducted using the GenomicsDB method in GATK software. Genetic diversity parameters—including effective number of alleles (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphism information content (PIC), and nucleotide diversity (π)—were systematically calculated for all 22 populations using VCFtools. Population genetic structure was evaluated through neighbor-joining (NJ) tree construction, principal component analysis (PCA), and Bayesian clustering analysis. Gene flow dynamics between the Zhongshan partridge duck and other breeds were subsequently investigated using TreeMix analysis. 

Results: Genetic diversity assessments revealed that the Zhongshan partridge duck population exhibited relatively elevated genetic diversity among the 22 analyzed breeds (Ne = 3.8656, Ho = 0.3382, He = 0.3313). Notably, its Ho ranked highest across all breeds, while its He occupied the seventh position, still reflecting a substantial level of genetic variation. Population genetic structure analyses, including phylogenetic tree reconstruction and principal component analysis (PCA), demonstrated close clustering of the Zhongshan partridge duck with the Beijing Duck, Wenshi partridge duck, and maple leaf duck. Admixture analysis identified the Zhongshan partridge duck as a distinct genetic cluster characterized by a single ancestral component at K = 10. TreeMix analysis with Zhongshan partridge duck designated as the outgroup failed to detect significant gene flow from other breeds into this population. Analyses utilizing the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) as the outgroup revealed only one migration event associated with the Zhongshan partridge duck, originating from the ancestral node of the Yulin partridge duck prior to its divergence. 

Conclusion: Population fluctuations constitute a critical determinant of genetic diversity in avian conservation genetics. Despite undergoing historical demographic bottlenecks characterized by severe population contractions, the Zhongshan partridge duck retains comparatively elevated genomic diversity, a conservation outcome attributable to coordinated ex situ management protocols implemented through the collaborative efforts of the Zhongshan Agricultural Technology Extension Center and South China Agricultural University. Population genomic structure analyses substantiate the conservation efficacy of the Wugui Mountain Conservation Farm, demonstrating successful maintenance of ancestral allelic variation. This investigation delineates the extant genetic architecture and population stratification patterns of the Zhongshan partridge duck, formulates empirically grounded strategies for conserving its evolutionary significant units (ESUs), and establishes a genomic-informed paradigm for safeguarding this agriculturally vital germplasm resource.

Aims: Freshwater crabs are one of the representative groups of benthic macroinvertebrates and serve as critical bioindicator of healthy ecosystems, however, their species diversity and genetic diversity have not been effectively conserved. The present study uses the freshwater crabs of the endemic Chinese genus Sinopotamon as a model. Based on extensive field surveys and literature review, we aim to establish a comprehensive species distribution database, assess the key environmental factors influencing both species and genetic diversity, and identify diversity hotspots as well as conservation gaps across its distribution range. 

Methods: The distribution data of Sinopotamon species were compiled through field investigations and literature sources. Spatial patterns of diversity were analyzed, and key environmental drivers were evaluated using spatial statistical models. Species and genetic diversity patterns were then overlaid with existing protected area to identify conservation gap regions. 

Results: The center of Sinopotamon species diversity lies between the northeastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Zhemin Hills. Species richness generally declines from the Yangtze River Basin toward the northern and southern margins. Genetic diversity shows strong spatial heterogeneity, with higher levels concentrated in mountainous regions. Species diversity and genetic diversity are significantly positively correlated. Environmental factors such as altitude and mean annual precipitation have significant positive effects on both. Diversity hotspots are spatially clustered, primarily in the mountainous and hill areas of south-central China. Four conservation gaps were identified in these regions, with the eastern section of the Nanling Mountains recognized as a distinctive hotpot for genetic diversity. 

Conclusion: Our results indicate that mountainous ecosystems and warm, humid climates have played a critical role in shaping both species and genetic diversity of Sinopotamon. This study highlights the necessity of integrating species diversity and genetic diversity in conservation planning and provides essential data and scientific support for biodiversity conservation and management in China’s freshwater ecosystems.

Aims: The Yellow River has played a crucial role in the development of Chinese civilization. However, it is now facing severe environmental challenges due to human activities, including soil erosion, water pollution, and the fragmentation of aquatic habitats. Under these circumstances, it is essential to investigate whether the aquatic organisms, particularly fish species, in the Yellow River basin have been affected. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of Pseudorasbora parva in the Yellow River. 

Methods: In this study, we collected 153 individuals of P. parva from 15 sites across the Yellow River and sequenced their mitochondrial COI gene. Additional COI sequences from other river systems, including the Yangtze River, Pearl River, and Nujiang River, were retrieved from GenBank for comparison. Haplotype composition, haplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (π), and the average number of nucleotide differences (k) were calculated. To evaluate population structure, we conducted an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) by grouping the Yellow River populations into upper, middle and lower reaches based on their geographical locations. Furthermore, we also performed Mantel tests, phylogenetic analyses, and Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) modeling to examine genetic differentiation and demographic history. 

Results: A total of 34 polymorphic loci and 27 haplotypes were identified among the Yellow River populations. Eight haplotypes were shared with other river systems. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of P. parva in the Yellow River were relatively high (h = 0.802 ± 0.030; π = 0.00508 ± 0.00035), suggesting a historically stable population. AMOVA results indicated that most genetic differentiation existed within populations (86.38%), with limited variation among groups (0.11%) and among populations within groups (13.51%). Genetic distances among the Yellow River populations ranged from 0.00060 to 0.00954. The Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks indicated no clear geographic structure, and neutrality tests and mismatch distributions suggested no recent population expansion. BSP analysis showed that the P. parva population experienced a slow increase from 0.175–0.005 Ma, followed by a decline to the present. 

Conclusion: The P. parva populations from the Yellow River exhibited relatively high genetic diversity without significant genetic differentiation, indicating ongoing gene flow. While dam construction may pose barriers to dispersal, human-mediated activities such as aquatic trade and species introduction have likely mitigated the effects of isolation. However, population declines observed in recent history may be attributed to environmental degradation and water pollution. These findings highlight the need for enhanced conservation and ecological monitoring in the Yellow River basin.

Background & Aims: The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China explicitly emphasized the need to strengthen coordination mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, actively improve green finance and market information disclosure systems, and deepen the reform of the system for environmental information disclosure mandated by law. Access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resources, as a focal concern in global biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization, demonstrates high compatibility between its information disclosure mechanisms and the rule-of-law practices and theoretical foundations of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, green finance, and information-driven self-regulation. However, empirical analysis of access and benefit-sharing information disclosure practices among listed companies reveals notably low disclosure levels with substantial gaps compared to practical requirements. To address this, this study aims to enhance the breadth and depth of access and benefit-sharing information disclosure and provide effectively practical experience for access and benefit-sharing information disclosure models. 

Methods: Listed companies are deeply engaged in the domestic allocation and cross-border flows of biological genetic resources, and serve as paradigmatic research subjects for thematic studies on information disclosure related to access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resources. By collating 660 biodiversity-themed sustainability reports issued by the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2021 to 2023, this study conducts empirical study and theoretical analysis from both macro-dimension and micro-dimension. At the macro-level, the study conducts quantitative research focusing on indicators such as the number of listed companies involved, report themes, company nature, reference standards, geographical distribution, and industry sectors in China. At the micro-level, the study categorizes and analyses the content of these sustainability reports by key access and benefit-sharing elements, including specific objectives, participating entities, regulatory frameworks, applicable targets, and concrete mechanisms. 

Results: Empirical study finds that Chinese listed companies are actively embracing environmental, social and governance (ESG) concept in disclosing access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resources. Information disclosure of biodiversity conservation in sustainability reports demonstrates significant growth, with expanding coverage of reporting companies, improved adoption of standards, and increased industry participation. Post-adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, access and benefit-sharing information disclosure progressively aligns with normative requirements. Moreover, the status of access and benefit-sharing information disclosure fails to correlate positively with the broader ecological environment information disclosure trends. The effectiveness of access and benefit-sharing information disclosure varies significantly across listed companies based on their characteristics, geographical locations, and industrial sectors. The current disclosure critically lacks the specific objectives, participating entities, regulatory frameworks, applicable targets, and concrete mechanisms of access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resources deeply defined in the Nagoya Protocol. 

Suggestions: In the future, access and benefit-sharing on biological genetic resources issues need to be deeply embedded in the field of information disclosure, and the local implementation of global biodiversity conservation actions under the guidance of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework should be promoted. (1) Refine financial instruments and evaluation systems to integrate monetary benefits from access and benefit-sharing with green finance. (2) Improve the relevant legislation and refine the self-regulation mechanism to standardize access and benefit-sharing information disclosure. (3) Strengthen access and benefit-sharing agreements and approval systems, enhance information disclosure supervision, and explore assurance mechanism for validating agreements and administrative approvals.

Aims: Understanding the fundamental processes that underlie biogeographic patterns of biodiversity has long been a central issue in biogeography and ecology. It is widely accepted that niche processes and neutral processes work together to regulate the plant β-diversity. However, the relative influence of different ecological processes on plant taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic β-diversity in the black gobi desert region of China remains poorly understood. This lack of understanding hinders our comprehension of the assembly processes and the maintenance of plant diversity in gobi deserts. 

Methods: We selected 67 sites within the typical distribution area of the black gobi desert region of China. Through systematic field surveys and laboratory analyses, we collected data on plant species abundance, six key leaf and fine root functional traits, and molecular phylogeny. Results: Plant taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic β-diversity exhibited significant distance-decay patterns, with functional β-diversity showing the strongest relationship with geographic distance. Null model analysis indicated that the taxonomic β-diversity of plant community in the black gobi desert region of China displayed a random distribution pattern, suggesting that it is primarily governed by neutral processes. In contrast, functional and phylogenetic β-diversity exhibited non-random distribution patterns, indicating that niche processes dominate plant functional and phylogenetic assembly. Notably, phylogenetic and functional β-diversity were decoupled in the black gobi desert region of China. None of the six functional traits exhibited significant phylogenetic signals, suggesting that the functional traits of gobi plants have not been conserved through evolutionary processes. Furthermore, variance partitioning analysis indicated that both soil and climatic factors jointly determined plant community β-diversity, with annual precipitation and solar radiation exerting a stronger influence. 

Conclusions: Our results indicated that the relative roles of niche processes and neutral processes in shaping the patterns of plant β-diversity in the black gobi desert region of China vary among different dimensions. In addition to water-energy factors such as annual precipitation and mean annual temperature, solar radiation also emerges as an important driver for the plant β-diversity. Taken together, our findings highlight that the ecological drivers of plant diversity may differ among various dimensions and that solar radiation plays a key role in shaping plant diversity in the extremely harsh gobi desert environments.

Aims: Biodiversity serves as a critical foundation for the formation and maintenance of ecosystem functions. Its influence on ecosystem functioning changes dynamically during forest succession. However, the relative contributions of multi-dimensional biodiversity (species, traits, phylogeny) and their variations across forest successional stages remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the impacts of multi-dimensional biodiversity on forest productivity and their variations across forest succession. 

Methods: This study explored the biodiversity and productivity relationships of forests at different successional stages in Changbai Mountains, based on the observations from three 5.2-ha forest dynamics plots in secondary poplar-birch forest (early succession stage), secondary conifer-broadleaf mixed forest (middle succession stage), and primary Korean pine-broadleaf forest (late succession stage). Vegetation survey data were used to calculate species diversity, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity. Aboveground biomass and forest productivity were employed as ecosystem function indicators. Structural equation modeling was applied to disentangle the impacts of multi-dimensional biodiversity on ecosystem functions and their variations across successional stages. 

Results: (1) With forest succession, aboveground biomass increased continuously while productivity decreased. (2) The relationship between biodiversity and biomass and productivity changed with forest succession, generally showing a weakening trend across stages. (3) Compared with functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity, species diversity did not significantly affect ecosystem functions. (4) Abiotic factors dynamically regulated resources during succession and productivity. 

Conclusion: This study enhances the understanding of dynamic patterns and ecological mechanisms underlying multi- dimensional biodiversity and ecosystem function relationships during forest succession, providing scientific insights for the ecological restoration and sustainable management of secondary forests in northeastern China.

Aims: Invasive alien plants (IAPs) pose serious threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being. Hainan Island, as one of China’s most biodiverse regions, confronts mounting risks of invasion by alien plant species. This study targeted 33 invasive species identified in the newly released Key Management List of Invasive Alien Species (issued jointly by six ministries and commissions, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), aiming to evaluate their potential suitable habitats and invasion risks on Hainan Island. 

Method: We first aggregated occurrence records and environmental variables from multiple databases for the 33 listed invasive plant species. Using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model in conjunction with geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we modeled each species’ potential spatial distribution under current climatic conditions. Subsequently, we overlaid species-specific distribution maps to identify invasion hot spots and assessed the relative importance of environmental factors contributing to habitat suitability. 

Results: Among the 33 investigated species, 25 were predicted to possess suitable habitats on Hainan Island, which varied in geographical extent. Notably, four species—Sorghum halepense, Chromolaena odorata, Amaranthus spinosus, and Lantana camara—exhibited high-risk distributions covering more than 50% of the island’s total land area. Invasion hot spots were concentrated primarily in low-elevation plains in the northeastern region and several coastal zones. Key environmental drivers included human activity intensity, temperature seasonality, mean diurnal temperature range, and precipitation of warmest quarter. These findings reflected the urgent need for comprehensive prevention and control measures, particularly in vulnerable areas. 

Conclusion: Our results underscore the importance of prioritizing high-risk species and high-risk regions for targeted monitoring and integrated management on Hainan Island. Effective strategies should include not only conventional control approaches but also incorporate socio-environmental factors and biotic interaction mechanisms in subsequent research. By enhancing early warning systems and applying science-based interventions, stakeholders can better curb the spread of invasive alien plants and safeguard the island’s rich biodiversity.

Aims: In recent years, the mainstream of the Huaihe River experiences frequent human disturbances, and the diversity of overwintering waterbird communities is influenced by multiple impacts. Analyzing these influencing factors is critical for optimizing habitat configurations. 

Methods: From October 2023 to March 2024, monthly data were conducted across four habitat types (farmland, flat, woodland, grassland) along the mainstream of the Huaihe River, total of 6 investigations. Waterbird observations and associated habitat factors were collected. The spatiotemporal characteristics of waterbird diversity were analyzed from the perspectives of α and β diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and multiple regression models (MRM) were employed to identify key habitat factors influencing waterbird diversity. 

Results: The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was highest in the grassland, while the Pielou evenness index peaked in woodland. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index reached their maximum value in October. CCA analysis indicated that flow of people/ships, distance to roads, topographic wetness index (TWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), slope and water area significantly affected waterbird α diversity. MRM results revealed that flow of people/ships, distance to roads, TWI, NDVI, and river width were the key habitat factors influencing river waterbird β diversity. Additionally, decomposition of overall β diversity and its components showed that species turnover was the dominant component. 

Conclusion: The study highlights that waterbird community structure varies across different habitat types. It is worth noting that efforts to optimize riverine wetland patterns should be emphasized, and targeted habitat creation and conservation strategies should be implemented based on the needs of species and functional groups.

Aims: Local key protected wildlife lists are the foundation for provincial-level authorities to implement scientific conservation and effective management of wild animals. These lists include species protected at provincial, autonomous regional, or municipal level, excluding those under national key protection. The List of Local Key Protected Wild Animals of Hunan Province, published in 2002, has remained unchanged for over two decades. Following the release of the updated List of State Key Protected Wild Animals and the List of Terrestrial Wildlife with Important Ecological, Scientific and Social Values by the State Council, it is crucial to adjust and revise the provincial-level lists to reflect new conservation priorities and ecological conditions. To improve the scientific rigor and rationality of such updates, a quantitative, systematic method for prioritizing species is urgently needed. 

Methods: This study first compiled, organized, and classified terrestrial wildlife survey data from Hunan Province. A species prioritization evaluation system was then constructed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), based on 12 indicators: population size, population trend, distribution range, provincial threat status, national threatened status, international threatened status, attention, resemblance, habitat status, ecological value, ornamental value, and scientific value. Each indicator was assigned a score, generating a preliminary list of priority species for protection. Expert evaluations were subsequently conducted to review and refine the list. Based on expert consultations, review feedback, and public input, minor adjustments were made to finalize the new List of Local Key Protected Wild Animals of Hunan Province, official released in August 2023. 

Results: The preliminary terrestrial vertebrate list generated through this method included 265 species across 4 classes, 24 orders, and 77 families, comprising 37 newly added species, 97 species removed, and 228 retained. The officially published version included 270 species in 79 families and 24 orders. Differences between the two lists were minimal: 9 reptile and 4 amphibian species were excluded, while 14 bird species, 2 snake species, and 2 frog species were added. 

Perspective: This study represents a shift from traditional expert-based species selection toward a scientific, quantitative evaluation approach, supplemented by expert review and public consultation. The method enhances the objectivity, accuracy, and taxonomic balance of local key protected wildlife lists. It is practical and applicable for similar revisions in other provincial-level regions.

Background & Aim: Sampling is fundamental for biodiversity surveys, and in recent decades, the demand for research on ants and their communities has increased exponentially. Although there is a rich body of literature comparing sampling methods for specific habitats, systematic studies on ant sampling methods within vertical stratification remain limited. This review collates and reviews the published literature on sampling methods used for ant community surveys both domestically and internationally, summarizing the applicability, limitations, and complementary relationships of commonly used ant sampling methods in the canopy, leaf litter layer, and underground soil layer. We propose that for specific habitat types, research objectives, and ant species, a combination of multiple sampling methods should be employed, and standardized sampling should be used wherever possible. 

Review Results: The main recommendations include: (1) For canopy ants, it is recommended to prioritize the use of bait traps. If the research objective is to comprehensively and thoroughly investigate the species of canopy ants, a combination of bait traps, purse-string trap, and fogging methods can be used. (2) For ground ants, follow the Ants of the Leaf Litter Protocol (ALL draft) for comprehensive sampling, but adjustments can be made based on the research objectives. (3) For subterranean ants, although there is currently no comparison of the efficiency of various sampling methods, a combination of subterranean bait traps and direct sampling methods can be used to conduct repeated sampling. 

Summary & Perspectives: This paper provides a methodological reference for future in-depth surveys of ant diversity for ecological researchers, and offers a systematic sampling framework for multi-level ecosystem studies, enhancing the compatibility and comparability of data between different research efforts. Additionally, it provides a scientific basis for the conservation and management strategies of ant communities, aiding in a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological roles and diversity patterns of ants across different vertical spatial levels.

Aims: This study aims to systematically compile the species diversity of terrestrial mammals in Hainan Province, clarify the taxonomic status of certain species, and provide scientific references for the conservation and management of biodiversity in Hainan Province. 

Methods: We systematically collected literature data on the classification and distribution of terrestrial mammals in Hainan Province over the past few decades. The study integrated field survey data, infrared camera monitoring data, and refers to the most recent references, including the Catalogue of Mammals in China (2024) and Diversity of China’s Mammals Inventory, Distribution and Conservation. 

Results: The main results are as follows: (1) A total of 97 species of terrestrial mammals in Hainan Province, belonging to 9 orders, 26 families, and 61 genera. Chiroptera dominates, followed by Rodentia. (2) Among the 97 species, 6 are first-class nationally protected wild mammals, and 11 are second-class national protection. Additionally, 7 species are endemic to Hainan Province. According to the IUCN Red List (2021), 2 species are Critically Endangered (CR), 3 are Endangered (EN), 5 are Vulnerable (VU), and 6 are Near Threatened (NT). (3) From the perspective of faunal regions, 85 species belong to the Oriental realm, 9 species belong to the Palearctic realm, and 3 species are widely distributed. The Oriental realm accounts for 87.63% of the terrestrial mammal species in Hainan, showing absolute dominance. (4) A comparison with the 2009 revision of the mammal catalog of Hainan Island reveals 22 newly added species, including Chiromyscus langbians, Chiropodomys gliroides, Rattus andamanensis, R. exulans, Crocidura rapax, Eonycteris spelaea, Lyroderma lyra, Hipposideros pomona, H. pratti, Rhinolophus shortridgei, Miniopterus fuliginosus, Kerivoula furva, Harpiocephalus harpia, Murina aurata, M. eleryi, M. harrisoni, Myotis chinensis, M. davidii, M. horsfieldii, M. siligorensis, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and P. tenuis. In contrast, 75 species listed in the previous catalog have been remained. 

Conclusion: Through the compilation and updating of the terrestrial mammal species diversity in Hainan Province, our study provides foundational support for regional wildlife conservation and management efforts.

Background & Aim: Floral nectar is the reward and energy resource many flowers provide to pollinating animals. It plays a key role in constructing the plant–pollinator interaction which strongly influences ecosystem function and food security. Under the current global change situation, plant–pollinator networks are seriously impacted, consequently, floral nectar is getting more and more attention due to its importance to pollinator health. In this review, we systematically summarize the current progresses of floral nectar secretion patterns, specifically focusing on nectar dynamic, the cost to a plant of producing nectar, and the regulation of nectar attributes. 

Progresses: Previous research suggests that floral nectar is a plant behavior responding to pollination environments and a trade-off in reproductive resource allocation. Floral nectar attracts pollinators to visit flowers and manipulates floral foraging behaviors of pollinators to achieve pollination. Nectar secretion is highly dynamic at spatial and temporal scale, and it is influenced by the eco-physiology of the plant itself and environmental factors. Nectar production is an essential cost for the plant, however, the evidence to support nectar production cost is limited. Nectar reabsorption is an important mechanism to optimal allocation of floral resources. Moreover, plants may use the processes of nectar secretion and absorption, possibly simultaneously, to regulate floral nectar attributes. However, the mechanisms and ecological function of such regulation is largely unknown. 

Outlook: In the future, we suggest focusing on these basic questions involving floral nectar: (1) To explore the mechanism of floral nectar production behavior and uncover how nectar production and absorption homeostatically regulate floral nectar attributes. (2) To investigate how floral nectar influences and manipulates pollinators’ behavior and shapes pollination syndromes. (3) To understand the cost of nectar production to a plant, the energy translocation and floral resource allocation during plant reproduction. (4) To study the distribution and movement of nectar resources at the landscape level and how such changes influence plant–pollinator interactions and food production. This research will enrich our understanding of plant–pollinator interaction and predict the response of pollination to global change.

Background & Aims: As a vital component of transportation networks, railways exert profound influences on biodiversity. Internationally, research on railway impacts and mitigation strategies has reached an advanced stage, supported by extensive field-tested solutions. In China, growing commitments to biodiversity conservation have heightened the tension between ecological conservation and railway infrastructure expansion. This paper aims to explore pathways for developing ecological railways grounded in practical frameworks for China’s railway sector. 

Methods & Results: Through a systematic literature review of 364 publications up to 2025, we examine the fundamental characteristics of railways, compare their ecological effects with those of roads, and categorize railway-related biodiversity impacts into five domains: (1) barrier effects; (2) habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation; (3) edge effects and biological invasion; (4) wildlife mortality; and (5) pollution and human disturbance. Railways and their adjoining green corridors can also serve as wildlife habitats, offering positive contributions to biodiversity through enhanced connectivity, habitat heterogeneity and distinctive ecological features. International ecological railway strategies are summarized into six dimensions: (1) increasing railway lateral connectivity/wildlife passages; (2) improving artificial facilities to reduce wildlife-train collisions; (3) vegetation management along railways; (4) biodiversity compensation; (5) regular biodiversity surveys; and (6) financial and policy support. We also review progress in China’s research on railway biodiversity interactions and conservation measures. 

Conclusions: A biodiversity-centered conservation strategy for China’s ecological railway development is proposed, including: promoting systematic system-building, establishing an adaptive implementation framework, and strengthening scientific guidance.