Stream fish community characteristics and their response to land use in Limushan and Jianfengling of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park

doi:10.17520/biods.2025374

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a key biodiversity hotspot in China, yet it has experienced increasing pressure in recent decades from land-use changes including deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. However, a systematic understanding of the structural characteristics of stream fish communities in this region and their specific responses to these changes remains limited.

Methods: From 2024 to 2025, we collected data of fish assemblages and environmental variables across 40 stream sites in and around the Limushan and Jianfengling. We compared spatial patterns in fish community composition and diversity between the two regions using multiple statistical approaches. Similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis was applied to identify key species contributing most to community dissimilarities. We used random forest models to identify the key environmental factors of stream fish diversity under land-use change and to reveal their nonlinear response patterns.

Results: Fish community composition differed significantly between Limushan and Jianfengling, with Onychostoma lepturum, Aphyocypris normalis, Opsariichthys hainanensis, and Microphysogobio kachekensis identified as the key species driving these distinctions. Species richness was significantly higher in Limushan than in Jianfengling, while fish diversity in Jianfengling also exhibited lower inter-site variability, indicating a more homogeneous spatial distribution. The major environmental drivers of fish diversity and their response patterns showed clear regional specificity and pronounced significant nonlinear relationships with land use and associated environmental variables. In Limushan, elevation and the percentage of rainfed cropland were the dominant factors, whereas in Jianfengling, the percentage of herbaceous cover cropland and impervious surfaces, pH, and conductivity played more prominent roles.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates significant spatial variation in stream fish community composition and diversity within Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, with diversity indices exhibiting nonlinear responses to land-use changes and environmental variables. These findings advance our understanding of how tropical rainforest stream fish communities are influenced by land-use change and provide a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable landscape planning in tropical rainforest regions.

Key words: species composition, biodiversity, spatial distribution, nonlinear response, random forest model

Wenqi Gao, Jingrong Xiang, Yao Zhao, Lingshuang Fan, Yuan Gu, Weihan Shao, Gaojun Li, Guangjun Zhao, Mingbin Chen, Xingwei Cai, Kai Chen. Stream fish community characteristics and their response to land use in Limushan and Jianfengling of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(2): 25374.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025374

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I2/25374

Figures/Tables 8

References 63

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环境指标 Environmental variables	黎母山 Limushan	尖峰岭 Jianfengling	P值 P value
总氮 Total nitrogen content (mg/L)	1.60 ± 0.75	0.72 ± 0.98	< 0.001
总磷 Total phosphorus content (mg/L)	0.04 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.01	< 0.001
高锰酸盐指数 Permanganate index (mg/L)	1.75 ± 0.54	2.18 ± 0.72	< 0.05
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L)	0.52 ± 0.30	0.45 ± 0.56	0.3
水温 Water temperature (℃)	19.92 ± 2.23	23.86 ± 3.72	< 0.001
pH值 pH value	7.45 ± 0.33	7.78 ± 0.33	< 0.01
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	7.87 ± 0.66	6.98 ± 0.46	< 0.001
溶解性总固体 Total dissolved solids (mg/L)	36.10 ± 12.79	100.76 ± 30.87	< 0.001
电导率 Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)	50.58 ± 18.60	156.58 ± 58.01	< 0.001
河宽 River width (m)	4.91 ± 2.81	5.28 ± 4.33	0.82
水深 Water depth (cm)	28.37 ± 11.56	22.13 ± 9.31	0.09
平均流速 Mean velocity (m/s)	0.59 ± 0.15	0.42 ± 0.23	< 0.01
淤泥和细沙百分比 Percentage of clay and sands (%)	11.34 ± 16.67	6.86 ± 4.58	< 0.05
碎石百分比 Percentage of gravels (%)	37.25 ± 16.85	38.02 ± 17.86	0.96
鹅卵石百分比 Percentage of cobbles (%)	43.15 ± 19.73	40.92 ± 16.59	0.78
巨石百分比 Percentage of boulders (%)	8.27 ± 7.24	14.19 ± 10.27	< 0.05
海拔 Elevation (m)	294.48 ± 176.50	459.79 ± 226.49	< 0.05
雨养耕地百分比 Percentage of rainfed cropland (%)	1.34 ± 1.71	1.32 ± 1.29	0.68
草本覆盖耕地百分比 Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (%)	0.05 ± 0.10	0.04 ± 0.05	0.75
灌溉耕地百分比 Percentage of irrigated cropland (%)	0.32 ± 0.57	0.07 ± 0.11	0.08
疏常绿阔叶林百分比 Percentage of open evergreen broadleaved forest (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.35
郁闭常绿阔叶林百分比 Percentage of closed evergreen broadleaved forest (%)	55.16 ± 26.27	84.85 ± 7.50	< 0.05
郁闭落叶阔叶林百分比 Percentage of closed deciduous broadleaved forest (%)	1.16 ± 2.09	0.50 ± 0.43	0.2
郁闭常绿针叶林百分比 Percentage of closed evergreen needleleaved forest (%)	2.17 ± 3.65	0.97 ± 1.38	0.36
灌丛百分比 Percentage of shrubland (%)	4.42 ± 4.39	1.10 ± 1.09	< 0.01
常绿灌丛百分比 Percentage of evergreen shrubland (%)	34.48 ± 24.70	11.01 ± 6.05	< 0.01
草地百分比 Percentage of grassland (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.3
木本沼泽百分比 Percentage of swamp (%)	0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.55
草本沼泽百分比 Percentage of marsh (%)	0.00 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.02	0.48
洪泛滩地百分比 Percentage of flooded flat (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.26
不透水面百分比 Percentage of impervious surfaces (%)	0.16 ± 0.23	0.04 ± 0.05	< 0.05
水体百分比 Percentage of water body (%)	0.73 ± 1.84	0.09 ± 0.35	0.26

环境指标 Environmental variables	黎母山 Limushan	尖峰岭 Jianfengling	P值 P value
总氮 Total nitrogen content (mg/L)	1.60 ± 0.75	0.72 ± 0.98	< 0.001
总磷 Total phosphorus content (mg/L)	0.04 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.01	< 0.001
高锰酸盐指数 Permanganate index (mg/L)	1.75 ± 0.54	2.18 ± 0.72	< 0.05
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L)	0.52 ± 0.30	0.45 ± 0.56	0.3
水温 Water temperature (℃)	19.92 ± 2.23	23.86 ± 3.72	< 0.001
pH值 pH value	7.45 ± 0.33	7.78 ± 0.33	< 0.01
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	7.87 ± 0.66	6.98 ± 0.46	< 0.001
溶解性总固体 Total dissolved solids (mg/L)	36.10 ± 12.79	100.76 ± 30.87	< 0.001
电导率 Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)	50.58 ± 18.60	156.58 ± 58.01	< 0.001
河宽 River width (m)	4.91 ± 2.81	5.28 ± 4.33	0.82
水深 Water depth (cm)	28.37 ± 11.56	22.13 ± 9.31	0.09
平均流速 Mean velocity (m/s)	0.59 ± 0.15	0.42 ± 0.23	< 0.01
淤泥和细沙百分比 Percentage of clay and sands (%)	11.34 ± 16.67	6.86 ± 4.58	< 0.05
碎石百分比 Percentage of gravels (%)	37.25 ± 16.85	38.02 ± 17.86	0.96
鹅卵石百分比 Percentage of cobbles (%)	43.15 ± 19.73	40.92 ± 16.59	0.78
巨石百分比 Percentage of boulders (%)	8.27 ± 7.24	14.19 ± 10.27	< 0.05
海拔 Elevation (m)	294.48 ± 176.50	459.79 ± 226.49	< 0.05
雨养耕地百分比 Percentage of rainfed cropland (%)	1.34 ± 1.71	1.32 ± 1.29	0.68
草本覆盖耕地百分比 Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (%)	0.05 ± 0.10	0.04 ± 0.05	0.75
灌溉耕地百分比 Percentage of irrigated cropland (%)	0.32 ± 0.57	0.07 ± 0.11	0.08
疏常绿阔叶林百分比 Percentage of open evergreen broadleaved forest (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.35
郁闭常绿阔叶林百分比 Percentage of closed evergreen broadleaved forest (%)	55.16 ± 26.27	84.85 ± 7.50	< 0.05
郁闭落叶阔叶林百分比 Percentage of closed deciduous broadleaved forest (%)	1.16 ± 2.09	0.50 ± 0.43	0.2
郁闭常绿针叶林百分比 Percentage of closed evergreen needleleaved forest (%)	2.17 ± 3.65	0.97 ± 1.38	0.36
灌丛百分比 Percentage of shrubland (%)	4.42 ± 4.39	1.10 ± 1.09	< 0.01
常绿灌丛百分比 Percentage of evergreen shrubland (%)	34.48 ± 24.70	11.01 ± 6.05	< 0.01
草地百分比 Percentage of grassland (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.3
木本沼泽百分比 Percentage of swamp (%)	0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	0.55
草本沼泽百分比 Percentage of marsh (%)	0.00 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.02	0.48
洪泛滩地百分比 Percentage of flooded flat (%)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.26
不透水面百分比 Percentage of impervious surfaces (%)	0.16 ± 0.23	0.04 ± 0.05	< 0.05
水体百分比 Percentage of water body (%)	0.73 ± 1.84	0.09 ± 0.35	0.26

区域 Regions	多样性指数 Diversity indices	模型解释量 VarExplained	解释变量(解释量) Predictor importance
黎母山 Limushan	物种丰富度指数 Species richness index	55.6%	海拔(16.2%) + 雨养耕地百分比(13.7%) + 常绿灌丛百分比(12.7%) + 灌溉耕地百分比(12.6%) + 郁闭常绿阔叶林百分比(10.4%) + 灌丛百分比(9.8%) + 草本沼泽百分比(5.2%) + 碎石百分比(1.7%) Elevation (16.2%) + Percentage of rainfed cropland (13.7%) + Percentage of evergreen shrubland (12.7%) + Percentage of irrigated cropland (12.6%) + Percentage of closed evergreen broadleaved forest (10.4%) + Percentage of shrubland (9.8%) + Percentage of marsh (5.2%) + Percentage of gravels (1.7%)
	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	69.5%	雨养耕地百分比(21.7%) + 海拔(21.6%) + 总氮(19.8%) Percentage of rainfed cropland (21.7%) + Elevation (21.6%) + Total nitrogen content (19.8%)
	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	66.0%	雨养耕地百分比(27.8%) + 海拔(26.2%) Percentage of rainfed cropland (27.8%) + Elevation (26.2%)
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	16.2%	水深(11.7%) + pH值(8.3%)+河宽(5.7%) + 水体百分比(4.7%) + 草本沼泽百分比(4.1%) + 鹅卵石百分比(3.4%) + 溶解氧(2.0%) Water depth (11.7%) + pH value (8.3%) + River width (5.7%) + Percentage of water body (4.7%) + Percentage of marsh (4.1%) + Percentage of cobbles (3.4%) + Dissolved oxygen (2.0%)
尖峰岭 Jianfengling	物种丰富度指数 Species richness index	36.5%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(14.0%) + 不透水面百分比(10.3%) + 灌丛百分比(9.5%) + 高锰酸盐指数(8.0%) + 灌溉耕地百分比(7.1%) + 溶解氧(5.9%) + 电导率(5.8%) + 水温(5.5%) + 雨养耕地百分比(4.3%) + 常绿灌丛百分比(3.3%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (14.0%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (10.3%) + Percentage of shrubland (9.5%) + Permanganate index (8.0%) + Percentage of irrigated cropland (7.1%) + Dissolved oxygen (5.9%) + Electrical conductivity (5.8%) + Water temperature (5.5%) + Percentage of rainfed cropland (4.3%) + Percentage of evergreen shrubland (3.3%)
	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	51.5%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(19.5%) + 不透水面百分比(17.7%) + pH值(9.2%) + 电导率(7.8%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (19.5%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (17.7%) + pH value (9.2%) + Electrical conductivity (7.8%)
	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	43.0%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(17.4%) + 不透水面百分比(15.6%) + pH值(12.5%) + 电导率(6.9%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (17.4%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (15.6%) + pH value (12.5%) + Electrical conductivity (6.9%)
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	34.2%	pH值(21.5%) + 灌丛百分比(8.6%) pH value (21.5%) + Percentage of shrubland (8.6%)

区域 Regions	多样性指数 Diversity indices	模型解释量 VarExplained	解释变量(解释量) Predictor importance
黎母山 Limushan	物种丰富度指数 Species richness index	55.6%	海拔(16.2%) + 雨养耕地百分比(13.7%) + 常绿灌丛百分比(12.7%) + 灌溉耕地百分比(12.6%) + 郁闭常绿阔叶林百分比(10.4%) + 灌丛百分比(9.8%) + 草本沼泽百分比(5.2%) + 碎石百分比(1.7%) Elevation (16.2%) + Percentage of rainfed cropland (13.7%) + Percentage of evergreen shrubland (12.7%) + Percentage of irrigated cropland (12.6%) + Percentage of closed evergreen broadleaved forest (10.4%) + Percentage of shrubland (9.8%) + Percentage of marsh (5.2%) + Percentage of gravels (1.7%)
	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	69.5%	雨养耕地百分比(21.7%) + 海拔(21.6%) + 总氮(19.8%) Percentage of rainfed cropland (21.7%) + Elevation (21.6%) + Total nitrogen content (19.8%)
	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	66.0%	雨养耕地百分比(27.8%) + 海拔(26.2%) Percentage of rainfed cropland (27.8%) + Elevation (26.2%)
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	16.2%	水深(11.7%) + pH值(8.3%)+河宽(5.7%) + 水体百分比(4.7%) + 草本沼泽百分比(4.1%) + 鹅卵石百分比(3.4%) + 溶解氧(2.0%) Water depth (11.7%) + pH value (8.3%) + River width (5.7%) + Percentage of water body (4.7%) + Percentage of marsh (4.1%) + Percentage of cobbles (3.4%) + Dissolved oxygen (2.0%)
尖峰岭 Jianfengling	物种丰富度指数 Species richness index	36.5%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(14.0%) + 不透水面百分比(10.3%) + 灌丛百分比(9.5%) + 高锰酸盐指数(8.0%) + 灌溉耕地百分比(7.1%) + 溶解氧(5.9%) + 电导率(5.8%) + 水温(5.5%) + 雨养耕地百分比(4.3%) + 常绿灌丛百分比(3.3%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (14.0%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (10.3%) + Percentage of shrubland (9.5%) + Permanganate index (8.0%) + Percentage of irrigated cropland (7.1%) + Dissolved oxygen (5.9%) + Electrical conductivity (5.8%) + Water temperature (5.5%) + Percentage of rainfed cropland (4.3%) + Percentage of evergreen shrubland (3.3%)
	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	51.5%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(19.5%) + 不透水面百分比(17.7%) + pH值(9.2%) + 电导率(7.8%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (19.5%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (17.7%) + pH value (9.2%) + Electrical conductivity (7.8%)
	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	43.0%	草本覆盖耕地百分比(17.4%) + 不透水面百分比(15.6%) + pH值(12.5%) + 电导率(6.9%) Percentage of herbaceous cover cropland (17.4%) + Percentage of impervious surfaces (15.6%) + pH value (12.5%) + Electrical conductivity (6.9%)
	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	34.2%	pH值(21.5%) + 灌丛百分比(8.6%) pH value (21.5%) + Percentage of shrubland (8.6%)