喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355

生物多样性 ›› 2010, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (4): 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征

宋同清¹^,²^,^*(), 彭晚霞¹^,², 曾馥平¹^,², 王克林¹^,², 曹洪麟³, 李先琨⁴, 覃文更⁵, 谭卫宁⁵, 刘璐¹^,²

1 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室, 长沙 410125
2 中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站, 广西环江 547100
3 中国科学院华南植物园, 广州 510650
4 广西壮族自治区、中国科学院广西植物研究所, 桂林 541006
5 广西壮族自治区木论国家级自然保护区管理局, 广西环江 547200

收稿日期:2010-01-07 接受日期:2010-06-08 出版日期:2010-07-20 发布日期:2010-07-20
通讯作者: 宋同清
作者简介:*E-mail: songtongq@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院西部行动计划(KZCX2-XB2-08);国家自然科学基金(30970508);国家科技支撑计划(2009BADC6B008);中国科学院西部之光博士资助项目

Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in Karst cluster-peak-depression region

Tongqing Song¹^,²^,^*(), Wanxia Peng¹^,², Fuping Zeng¹^,², Kelin Wang¹^,², Honglin Cao³, Xiankun Li⁴, Wengeng Qin⁵, Weining Tan⁵, Lu Liu¹^,²

1 Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125
2 Huanjiang Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100
3 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650
4 Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006
5 Mulun Administration of National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, Huanjiang 547200

Received:2010-01-07 Accepted:2010-06-08 Online:2010-07-20 Published:2010-07-20
Contact: Tongqing Song

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

不同退化程度石漠化生态重建的关键是恢复植被, 提高土地生产力。本文基于动态监测样地(200 m × 40 m)植被的全面调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林和原生林3类典型森林群落木本植物的组成与生物多样性特征。结果表明, 3类森林的物种组成分别为26科52属65种、33科68属100种和43科91属123种, 常绿物种分别占41.54%、47.00%和52.85%; 科、属、种和生活型组成复杂, 优势科或种明显, TWINSPAN分类第3级水平上可分别划分为8、9和8个群落类型。原生林多样性和结构性指标均高于人工林和次生林, 人工林的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度、冠幅、胸径和树高均高于次生林, 而种类、密度和盖度则低于次生林。不同类型森林群落特征不同, 应采取相应的经营策略。

关键词: 物种组成, 生活型, 群落结构, 多样性

Abstract

To explore the spatio-temporal distributional patterns of the vegetation in a Karst cluster-peak-depression region, we investigated the species composition and diversity characteristics of three forests inside 200 m × 40 m dynamic monitoring plots in Huanjiang County of Guangxi. Results showed that plant communities changed from plantation to secondary forest to primary forest with increasing diversity associated with reduced disturbance intensity. We recorded 65 woody species belonging to 26 families and 52 genera, 100 woody species belonging to 33 families and 68 genera, and 123 woody species belonging to 43 families and 91 genera in the plantation, secondary, and primary forests, respectively. Evergreens accounted for 41.5%, 47.0%, and 52.9% of species in the plantation, secondary, and primary forests, respectively. Meanwhile, the families characterized with one species accounted for 39.46%, 36.36%, and 53.66% of the total families in the plantation, secondary, and primary forests, respectively. The dominant families and species with an IV (importance value) > 10.00 numbered 6 families and 6 species (23.1% and 9.2% of total), 6 families and 5 species (18.1% and 5%), and 10 families and 7 species (23.3% and 5.7%) in the plantation, secondary, and primary forests, respectively. While the proportions of these IVs were up to 76.1% and 65.2%, 81.0% and 66.2%, and 64.4% and 32.5% of the sum IVs of respective families and species in the corresponding forests. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) divided the plantation, secondary forest, and primary forest into 8, 9, and 8 community groups at the third level, respectively. Diversity and structure indices were significantly higher in the primary forest than in the plantation and secondary forests, except for crown breadth and Simpson index in the plantation. The values of Simpson index and evenness in the plantation were highly significantly higher than in the secondary forest. And the values of density and coverage in the plantation were highly significantly lower than in the secondary forest. Thus, variable disturbance intensity resulted in variation in communities’ composition and diversity characteristics in these forests. Our results may be informative for choosing forest management strategies in the Karst cluster-peak-depression region.

Key words: forest types, species composition, community structure, diversity, Karst cluster-peak-depression region

宋同清, 彭晚霞, 曾馥平, 王克林, 曹洪麟, 李先琨, 覃文更, 谭卫宁, 刘璐 (2010) 喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征. 生物多样性, 18, 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355.

Tongqing Song, Wanxia Peng, Fuping Zeng, Kelin Wang, Honglin Cao, Xiankun Li, Wengeng Qin, Weining Tan, Lu Liu (2010) Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in Karst cluster-peak-depression region. Biodiversity Science, 18, 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2010/V18/I4/355

图/表 6

参考文献 28

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类型 Type	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤类型 Soil types	pH	土壤养分 Soil nutrients
类型 Type	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤类型 Soil types	pH	有机质Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total N (g/kg)	全磷 Total P (g/kg)	全钾 Total K (g/kg)
(I) 综合治理人工林Comprehensively managed plantation	强 Strong	人工林、次生林、农田 Plantations, secondary forests, and croplands	石灰土 Limestone	6.78	66.91	4.06	1.02	13.25
(II) 自然恢复次生林Natural secondary forest	中 Medium	次生林 Secondary forests	石灰土Limestone	7.69	91.45	4.89	1.33	4.98
(III) 自然保护原生林 Primary forest	弱 Weak	原生林、次生林、人工林 Primary and secondary forests, and plantations	石灰土Limestone	7.14	118.16	5.61	1.16	5.21

类型 Type	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤类型 Soil types	pH	土壤养分 Soil nutrients
类型 Type	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	植被类型 Vegetation type	土壤类型 Soil types	pH	有机质Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total N (g/kg)	全磷 Total P (g/kg)	全钾 Total K (g/kg)
(I) 综合治理人工林Comprehensively managed plantation	强 Strong	人工林、次生林、农田 Plantations, secondary forests, and croplands	石灰土 Limestone	6.78	66.91	4.06	1.02	13.25
(II) 自然恢复次生林Natural secondary forest	中 Medium	次生林 Secondary forests	石灰土Limestone	7.69	91.45	4.89	1.33	4.98
(III) 自然保护原生林 Primary forest	弱 Weak	原生林、次生林、人工林 Primary and secondary forests, and plantations	石灰土Limestone	7.14	118.16	5.61	1.16	5.21

	科 Family	重要值 IV	种 Species	重要值 IV
综合治理人工林 Comprehensively managed plantation	楝科 Meliaceae	78.469	菜豆树 Radermachera sinica	47.517
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	47.517	灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens	39.813
	豆科 Leguminosae	39.383	香椿 Toona sinensis	33.820
	桑科 Moraceae	12.932	刀果鞍叶羊蹄甲 Bauhinia brachycarpa	28.423
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	12.743	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	12.600
	壳斗科 Fagaceae	10.455	板栗Castanea mollissima	10.455
	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	9.450	构树 Broussonetia papyrifera	6.599
	梧桐科 Sterculiaceae	7.625	斜叶榕 Ficus tinctoria	5.915
	五加科 Araliaceae	6.117	长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium	5.708
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	5.973	乌口树 Tarenna attenuata	5.474
	刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae	5.708	任豆 Zenia insignis	5.207
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	5.673	麻楝 Chukrasia tabularis	4.836
	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	4.136	石山樟 Cinnamomum saxitilis	4.008
	樟科 Lauraceae	4.008	广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis	3.879
	苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae	2.911	白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia	3.278
	榆科 Ulmaceae	2.397	假苹婆 Sterculia lanceolata	2.971
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	2.210	老虎刺 Carissa spinarum	2.911
	棕榈科 Palmae	1.659	虾公木 Bridelia fordii	2.733
	芸香科 Rutaceae	1.094	粉苹婆 Sterculia euosma	2.723
	木犀科 Oleaceae	1.063	密脉鹅掌柴 Schefflera venulosa	2.341
自然恢复次生林 Natural secondary forest	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	86.750	黄荆 Vitex negundo	79.743
	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	85.354	红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides	60.811
	八角枫科 Alangiaceae	29.366	八角枫 Alangium chinense	29.366
	木犀科 Oleaceae	14.554	小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	14.357
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	12.295	野桐 Mallotus japonicus	10.266
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	10.948	老虎刺 Carissa spinarum	7.550
	苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae	7.550	石岩枫 Mallotus repandus	7.310
	桑科 Moraceae	6.460	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	6.987
	豆科 Leguminosae	5.607	三对节 Clerodendrum serratum	5.345
	鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	5.055	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	5.037
	五加科 Araliaceae	3.837	石山榕 Ficus altissima	4.289
	刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae	3.700	棠梨 Pyrus calleryana	3.699
	楝科 Meliaceae	3.511	长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium	3.569
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	3.189	灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens	3.372
	芸香科 Rutaceae	2.434	杜茎山 Maesa japonica	3.189
	梧桐科 Sterculiaceae	2.320	藤漆 Pegia nitida	2.545
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	2.119	老虎簕 Euphorbia milii	2.534
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	2.088	团花鸭脚木 Schefflera glomerulata	2.440
	马桑科 Coriariaceae	1.642	苞叶木 Chaydaia rubrinervis	2.438
	荨麻科 Urticaceae	1.492	高粱泡 Rubus lambertianus	2.136
自然保护原生林 Primary forest	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	33.975	铁榄Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum	18.496
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	22.432	东女贞 Ligustrum japonicum	15.634
	无患子科 Sapindaceae	20.863	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	14.409
	山榄科 Sapotaceae	18.496	小叶栾树 Koelreuteia minor	12.644
	木犀科 Oleaceae	17.624	檵木 Loropetalum chinense	12.609
	金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	17.099	菜豆树 Radermachera sinica	11.244
	杉科 Taxodiaceae	14.409	油竹 Bambusa surrecta	10.510
	榆科 Ulmaceae	13.292	广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis	8.115
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	12.620	杜茎山 Maesa japonica	8.066
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	11.244	石岩枫 Mallotus repandus	8.007
	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	9.491	白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia	7.537
	芸香科 Rutaceae	8.932	粗糠柴 Mallotus philippensis	8.520
	樟科 Lauraceae	8.708	八角枫 Alangium chinense	6.909
	五加科 Araliaceae	7.026	红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides	6.506
	八角枫科 Alangiaceae	6.909	密花树 Rapanea neriifolia	6.251
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	5.893	朴树 Celtis sinensis	5.916
	桑科 Moraceae	5.437	通脱木 Tetrapanax papyriferum	5.207
	豆科 Leguminosae	4.875	掌叶木 Handeliodendron bodinieri	4.976
	柿科 Ebenaceae	4.797	厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	4.650
	壳斗科 Fagaceae	4.730	小叶山柿 Diospyros dumetorum	4.540

	科 Family	重要值 IV	种 Species	重要值 IV
综合治理人工林 Comprehensively managed plantation	楝科 Meliaceae	78.469	菜豆树 Radermachera sinica	47.517
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	47.517	灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens	39.813
	豆科 Leguminosae	39.383	香椿 Toona sinensis	33.820
	桑科 Moraceae	12.932	刀果鞍叶羊蹄甲 Bauhinia brachycarpa	28.423
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	12.743	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	12.600
	壳斗科 Fagaceae	10.455	板栗Castanea mollissima	10.455
	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	9.450	构树 Broussonetia papyrifera	6.599
	梧桐科 Sterculiaceae	7.625	斜叶榕 Ficus tinctoria	5.915
	五加科 Araliaceae	6.117	长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium	5.708
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	5.973	乌口树 Tarenna attenuata	5.474
	刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae	5.708	任豆 Zenia insignis	5.207
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	5.673	麻楝 Chukrasia tabularis	4.836
	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	4.136	石山樟 Cinnamomum saxitilis	4.008
	樟科 Lauraceae	4.008	广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis	3.879
	苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae	2.911	白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia	3.278
	榆科 Ulmaceae	2.397	假苹婆 Sterculia lanceolata	2.971
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	2.210	老虎刺 Carissa spinarum	2.911
	棕榈科 Palmae	1.659	虾公木 Bridelia fordii	2.733
	芸香科 Rutaceae	1.094	粉苹婆 Sterculia euosma	2.723
	木犀科 Oleaceae	1.063	密脉鹅掌柴 Schefflera venulosa	2.341
自然恢复次生林 Natural secondary forest	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	86.750	黄荆 Vitex negundo	79.743
	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	85.354	红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides	60.811
	八角枫科 Alangiaceae	29.366	八角枫 Alangium chinense	29.366
	木犀科 Oleaceae	14.554	小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	14.357
	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	12.295	野桐 Mallotus japonicus	10.266
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	10.948	老虎刺 Carissa spinarum	7.550
	苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae	7.550	石岩枫 Mallotus repandus	7.310
	桑科 Moraceae	6.460	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	6.987
	豆科 Leguminosae	5.607	三对节 Clerodendrum serratum	5.345
	鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	5.055	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	5.037
	五加科 Araliaceae	3.837	石山榕 Ficus altissima	4.289
	刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae	3.700	棠梨 Pyrus calleryana	3.699
	楝科 Meliaceae	3.511	长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium	3.569
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	3.189	灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens	3.372
	芸香科 Rutaceae	2.434	杜茎山 Maesa japonica	3.189
	梧桐科 Sterculiaceae	2.320	藤漆 Pegia nitida	2.545
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	2.119	老虎簕 Euphorbia milii	2.534
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	2.088	团花鸭脚木 Schefflera glomerulata	2.440
	马桑科 Coriariaceae	1.642	苞叶木 Chaydaia rubrinervis	2.438
	荨麻科 Urticaceae	1.492	高粱泡 Rubus lambertianus	2.136
自然保护原生林 Primary forest	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	33.975	铁榄Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum	18.496
	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	22.432	东女贞 Ligustrum japonicum	15.634
	无患子科 Sapindaceae	20.863	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	14.409
	山榄科 Sapotaceae	18.496	小叶栾树 Koelreuteia minor	12.644
	木犀科 Oleaceae	17.624	檵木 Loropetalum chinense	12.609
	金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	17.099	菜豆树 Radermachera sinica	11.244
	杉科 Taxodiaceae	14.409	油竹 Bambusa surrecta	10.510
	榆科 Ulmaceae	13.292	广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis	8.115
	茜草科 Rubiaceae	12.620	杜茎山 Maesa japonica	8.066
	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	11.244	石岩枫 Mallotus repandus	8.007
	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	9.491	白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia	7.537
	芸香科 Rutaceae	8.932	粗糠柴 Mallotus philippensis	8.520
	樟科 Lauraceae	8.708	八角枫 Alangium chinense	6.909
	五加科 Araliaceae	7.026	红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides	6.506
	八角枫科 Alangiaceae	6.909	密花树 Rapanea neriifolia	6.251
	漆树科 Anacarabiaceae	5.893	朴树 Celtis sinensis	5.916
	桑科 Moraceae	5.437	通脱木 Tetrapanax papyriferum	5.207
	豆科 Leguminosae	4.875	掌叶木 Handeliodendron bodinieri	4.976
	柿科 Ebenaceae	4.797	厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	4.650
	壳斗科 Fagaceae	4.730	小叶山柿 Diospyros dumetorum	4.540

类型 Type	密度 Density (plant/m²)		平均冠幅 Average crown breadth (m)		盖度 Coverage (%)		平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)		平均高度 Average height (m)
类型 Type	均值 Mean	CV(%)	均值 Mean	CV(%)	均值 Mean	CV(%)	均值 Mean	CV(%)	均值 Mean	CV(%)
I	0.34±0.027^Bb	68.75	1.49±0.709^Aa	163.20	61.00±5.223^Cc	76.39	2.800±0.294^Bb	55.50	3.10±0.413^Bb	55.24
II	0.59±0.049^Aa	73.73	1.14±0.064^Aa	50.56	108.32±8.545^Bb	70.56	2.40±0.208^Bb	55.70	2.76±0.137^Bb	44.53
III	0.49±0.023^Aa	60.70	1.93±0.054^Aa	24.97	194.65±12.570^Aa	57.76	6.39±0.178^Aa	29.43	4.78±0.107^Aa	19.97

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征

Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in Karst cluster-peak-depression region

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	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4

	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4

类型 Type	种类 Species number (Species/100 m²)		Simpson指数 Simpson index				Shannon-Wiener 指数 Shannon-Wiener index				Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index
类型 Type	均值 Mean	CV (%)		均值 Mean		CV (%)		均值 Mean		CV (%)	均值 Mean		CV (%)
I	7.86±0.57^Bb	64.50	0.798±0.018^Aa		19.67		2.129±0.124^Bb		52.23		0.728±0.033^Bb	40.80
II	8.53±0.52^Bb	54.63	0.569±0.035^Bb		54.83		1.919±0.123^Bb		57.48		0.583±0.034^Cc	52.49
III	13.55±0.80^Aa	52.99	0.846±0.001^Aa		9.34		3.171±0.077^Aa		21.73		0.886±0.018^Aa	6.09

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	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4

	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4

	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4

	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	常绿乔木 Evergreen tree	常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub	落叶乔木 Deciduous tree	落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub	攀援灌木Climbing shrub	攀援藤本 Climbing liana	木质藤本 Woody liana
I	26	52	65	15	11	19	11	8	1	0
II	33	68	100	9	24	16	16	15	6	14
III	43	91	123	29	32	37	11	9	1	4