生物多样性 ›› 2010, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (4): 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355
宋同清1,2,*(), 彭晚霞1,2, 曾馥平1,2, 王克林1,2, 曹洪麟3, 李先琨4, 覃文更5, 谭卫宁5, 刘璐1,2
收稿日期:
2010-01-07
接受日期:
2010-06-08
出版日期:
2010-07-20
发布日期:
2010-07-20
通讯作者:
宋同清
作者简介:
*E-mail: songtongq@163.com基金资助:
Tongqing Song1,2,*(), Wanxia Peng1,2, Fuping Zeng1,2, Kelin Wang1,2, Honglin Cao3, Xiankun Li4, Wengeng Qin5, Weining Tan5, Lu Liu1,2
Received:
2010-01-07
Accepted:
2010-06-08
Online:
2010-07-20
Published:
2010-07-20
Contact:
Tongqing Song
摘要:
不同退化程度石漠化生态重建的关键是恢复植被, 提高土地生产力。本文基于动态监测样地(200 m × 40 m)植被的全面调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林和原生林3类典型森林群落木本植物的组成与生物多样性特征。结果表明, 3类森林的物种组成分别为26科52属65种、33科68属100种和43科91属123种, 常绿物种分别占41.54%、47.00%和52.85%; 科、属、种和生活型组成复杂, 优势科或种明显, TWINSPAN分类第3级水平上可分别划分为8、9和8个群落类型。原生林多样性和结构性指标均高于人工林和次生林, 人工林的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度、冠幅、胸径和树高均高于次生林, 而种类、密度和盖度则低于次生林。不同类型森林群落特征不同, 应采取相应的经营策略。
宋同清, 彭晚霞, 曾馥平, 王克林, 曹洪麟, 李先琨, 覃文更, 谭卫宁, 刘璐 (2010) 喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征. 生物多样性, 18, 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355.
Tongqing Song, Wanxia Peng, Fuping Zeng, Kelin Wang, Honglin Cao, Xiankun Li, Wengeng Qin, Weining Tan, Lu Liu (2010) Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in Karst cluster-peak-depression region. Biodiversity Science, 18, 355-364. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.355.
类型 Type | 干扰强度 Disturbance intensity | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 土壤类型 Soil types | pH | 土壤养分 Soil nutrients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有机质Organic matter (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 全钾 Total K (g/kg) | |||||
(I) 综合治理人工林Comprehensively managed plantation | 强 Strong | 人工林、次生林、农田 Plantations, secondary forests, and croplands | 石灰土 Limestone | 6.78 | 66.91 | 4.06 | 1.02 | 13.25 |
(II) 自然恢复次生林Natural secondary forest | 中 Medium | 次生林 Secondary forests | 石灰土Limestone | 7.69 | 91.45 | 4.89 | 1.33 | 4.98 |
(III) 自然保护原生林 Primary forest | 弱 Weak | 原生林、次生林、人工林 Primary and secondary forests, and plantations | 石灰土Limestone | 7.14 | 118.16 | 5.61 | 1.16 | 5.21 |
表1 广西环江县喀斯特峰丛洼地3类典型森林生态系统基本情况
Table 1 Summary of the three typical forest ecosystems in karst cluster-peak-depression region in Huanjiang County of Guangxi
类型 Type | 干扰强度 Disturbance intensity | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 土壤类型 Soil types | pH | 土壤养分 Soil nutrients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有机质Organic matter (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 全钾 Total K (g/kg) | |||||
(I) 综合治理人工林Comprehensively managed plantation | 强 Strong | 人工林、次生林、农田 Plantations, secondary forests, and croplands | 石灰土 Limestone | 6.78 | 66.91 | 4.06 | 1.02 | 13.25 |
(II) 自然恢复次生林Natural secondary forest | 中 Medium | 次生林 Secondary forests | 石灰土Limestone | 7.69 | 91.45 | 4.89 | 1.33 | 4.98 |
(III) 自然保护原生林 Primary forest | 弱 Weak | 原生林、次生林、人工林 Primary and secondary forests, and plantations | 石灰土Limestone | 7.14 | 118.16 | 5.61 | 1.16 | 5.21 |
科 Family | 属 Genus | 种 Species | 常绿乔木 Evergreen tree | 常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub | 落叶乔木 Deciduous tree | 落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub | 攀援灌木Climbing shrub | 攀援藤本 Climbing liana | 木质藤本 Woody liana | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 26 | 52 | 65 | 15 | 11 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 0 |
II | 33 | 68 | 100 | 9 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 6 | 14 |
III | 43 | 91 | 123 | 29 | 32 | 37 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 4 |
表2 广西环江县喀斯特峰丛洼地3类森林木本植物科、属、种及生活型
Table 2 Number of families, genera, species, and life-forms of woody plants in the three forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region in Huanjiang County of Guangxi
科 Family | 属 Genus | 种 Species | 常绿乔木 Evergreen tree | 常绿灌木 Evergreen shrub | 落叶乔木 Deciduous tree | 落叶灌木 Deciduous shrub | 攀援灌木Climbing shrub | 攀援藤本 Climbing liana | 木质藤本 Woody liana | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 26 | 52 | 65 | 15 | 11 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 0 |
II | 33 | 68 | 100 | 9 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 6 | 14 |
III | 43 | 91 | 123 | 29 | 32 | 37 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 4 |
| 科 Family | 重要值 IV | 种 Species | 重要值 IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
综合治理人工林 Comprehensively managed plantation | 楝科 Meliaceae | 78.469 | 菜豆树 Radermachera sinica | 47.517 |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 47.517 | 灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens | 39.813 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 39.383 | 香椿 Toona sinensis | 33.820 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 12.932 | 刀果鞍叶羊蹄甲 Bauhinia brachycarpa | 28.423 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 12.743 | 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis | 12.600 | |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 10.455 | 板栗Castanea mollissima | 10.455 | |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 9.450 | 构树 Broussonetia papyrifera | 6.599 | |
梧桐科 Sterculiaceae | 7.625 | 斜叶榕 Ficus tinctoria | 5.915 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 6.117 | 长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium | 5.708 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 5.973 | 乌口树 Tarenna attenuata | 5.474 | |
刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae | 5.708 | 任豆 Zenia insignis | 5.207 | |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 5.673 | 麻楝 Chukrasia tabularis | 4.836 | |
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 4.136 | 石山樟 Cinnamomum saxitilis | 4.008 | |
樟科 Lauraceae | 4.008 | 广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis | 3.879 | |
苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae | 2.911 | 白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia | 3.278 | |
榆科 Ulmaceae | 2.397 | 假苹婆 Sterculia lanceolata | 2.971 | |
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 2.210 | 老虎刺 Carissa spinarum | 2.911 | |
棕榈科 Palmae | 1.659 | 虾公木 Bridelia fordii | 2.733 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 1.094 | 粉苹婆 Sterculia euosma | 2.723 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 1.063 | 密脉鹅掌柴 Schefflera venulosa | 2.341 | |
自然恢复次生林 Natural secondary forest | 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 86.750 | 黄荆 Vitex negundo | 79.743 |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 85.354 | 红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides | 60.811 | |
八角枫科 Alangiaceae | 29.366 | 八角枫 Alangium chinense | 29.366 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 14.554 | 小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui | 14.357 | |
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 12.295 | 野桐 Mallotus japonicus | 10.266 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 10.948 | 老虎刺 Carissa spinarum | 7.550 | |
苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae | 7.550 | 石岩枫 Mallotus repandus | 7.310 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 6.460 | 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis | 6.987 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 5.607 | 三对节 Clerodendrum serratum | 5.345 | |
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae | 5.055 | 火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana | 5.037 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 3.837 | 石山榕 Ficus altissima | 4.289 | |
刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae | 3.700 | 棠梨 Pyrus calleryana | 3.699 | |
楝科 Meliaceae | 3.511 | 长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium | 3.569 | |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 3.189 | 灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens | 3.372 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 2.434 | 杜茎山 Maesa japonica | 3.189 | |
梧桐科 Sterculiaceae | 2.320 | 藤漆 Pegia nitida | 2.545 | |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 2.119 | 老虎簕 Euphorbia milii | 2.534 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 2.088 | 团花鸭脚木 Schefflera glomerulata | 2.440 | |
马桑科 Coriariaceae | 1.642 | 苞叶木 Chaydaia rubrinervis | 2.438 | |
荨麻科 Urticaceae | 1.492 | 高粱泡 Rubus lambertianus | 2.136 | |
自然保护原生林 Primary forest | 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 33.975 | 铁榄Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum | 18.496 |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 22.432 | 东女贞 Ligustrum japonicum | 15.634 | |
无患子科 Sapindaceae | 20.863 | 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 14.409 | |
山榄科 Sapotaceae | 18.496 | 小叶栾树 Koelreuteia minor | 12.644 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 17.624 | 檵木 Loropetalum chinense | 12.609 | |
金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae | 17.099 | 菜豆树 Radermachera sinica | 11.244 | |
杉科 Taxodiaceae | 14.409 | 油竹 Bambusa surrecta | 10.510 | |
榆科 Ulmaceae | 13.292 | 广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis | 8.115 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 12.620 | 杜茎山 Maesa japonica | 8.066 | |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 11.244 | 石岩枫 Mallotus repandus | 8.007 | |
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 9.491 | 白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia | 7.537 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 8.932 | 粗糠柴 Mallotus philippensis | 8.520 | |
樟科 Lauraceae | 8.708 | 八角枫 Alangium chinense | 6.909 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 7.026 | 红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides | 6.506 | |
八角枫科 Alangiaceae | 6.909 | 密花树 Rapanea neriifolia | 6.251 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 5.893 | 朴树 Celtis sinensis | 5.916 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 5.437 | 通脱木 Tetrapanax papyriferum | 5.207 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 4.875 | 掌叶木 Handeliodendron bodinieri | 4.976 | |
柿科 Ebenaceae | 4.797 | 厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis | 4.650 | |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 4.730 | 小叶山柿 Diospyros dumetorum | 4.540 |
表3 喀斯特峰丛洼地3类典型森林前20个木本植物科和种的重要值
Table 3 Importance values (IV) of the top 20 families in the three forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region of Guangxi
| 科 Family | 重要值 IV | 种 Species | 重要值 IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
综合治理人工林 Comprehensively managed plantation | 楝科 Meliaceae | 78.469 | 菜豆树 Radermachera sinica | 47.517 |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 47.517 | 灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens | 39.813 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 39.383 | 香椿 Toona sinensis | 33.820 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 12.932 | 刀果鞍叶羊蹄甲 Bauhinia brachycarpa | 28.423 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 12.743 | 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis | 12.600 | |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 10.455 | 板栗Castanea mollissima | 10.455 | |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 9.450 | 构树 Broussonetia papyrifera | 6.599 | |
梧桐科 Sterculiaceae | 7.625 | 斜叶榕 Ficus tinctoria | 5.915 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 6.117 | 长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium | 5.708 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 5.973 | 乌口树 Tarenna attenuata | 5.474 | |
刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae | 5.708 | 任豆 Zenia insignis | 5.207 | |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 5.673 | 麻楝 Chukrasia tabularis | 4.836 | |
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 4.136 | 石山樟 Cinnamomum saxitilis | 4.008 | |
樟科 Lauraceae | 4.008 | 广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis | 3.879 | |
苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae | 2.911 | 白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia | 3.278 | |
榆科 Ulmaceae | 2.397 | 假苹婆 Sterculia lanceolata | 2.971 | |
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 2.210 | 老虎刺 Carissa spinarum | 2.911 | |
棕榈科 Palmae | 1.659 | 虾公木 Bridelia fordii | 2.733 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 1.094 | 粉苹婆 Sterculia euosma | 2.723 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 1.063 | 密脉鹅掌柴 Schefflera venulosa | 2.341 | |
自然恢复次生林 Natural secondary forest | 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 86.750 | 黄荆 Vitex negundo | 79.743 |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 85.354 | 红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides | 60.811 | |
八角枫科 Alangiaceae | 29.366 | 八角枫 Alangium chinense | 29.366 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 14.554 | 小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui | 14.357 | |
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 12.295 | 野桐 Mallotus japonicus | 10.266 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 10.948 | 老虎刺 Carissa spinarum | 7.550 | |
苏木科 Caesalpiniaceae | 7.550 | 石岩枫 Mallotus repandus | 7.310 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 6.460 | 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis | 6.987 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 5.607 | 三对节 Clerodendrum serratum | 5.345 | |
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae | 5.055 | 火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana | 5.037 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 3.837 | 石山榕 Ficus altissima | 4.289 | |
刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae | 3.700 | 棠梨 Pyrus calleryana | 3.699 | |
楝科 Meliaceae | 3.511 | 长叶柞木 Xylosma longifolium | 3.569 | |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 3.189 | 灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa cinerascens | 3.372 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 2.434 | 杜茎山 Maesa japonica | 3.189 | |
梧桐科 Sterculiaceae | 2.320 | 藤漆 Pegia nitida | 2.545 | |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 2.119 | 老虎簕 Euphorbia milii | 2.534 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 2.088 | 团花鸭脚木 Schefflera glomerulata | 2.440 | |
马桑科 Coriariaceae | 1.642 | 苞叶木 Chaydaia rubrinervis | 2.438 | |
荨麻科 Urticaceae | 1.492 | 高粱泡 Rubus lambertianus | 2.136 | |
自然保护原生林 Primary forest | 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 33.975 | 铁榄Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum | 18.496 |
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae | 22.432 | 东女贞 Ligustrum japonicum | 15.634 | |
无患子科 Sapindaceae | 20.863 | 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 14.409 | |
山榄科 Sapotaceae | 18.496 | 小叶栾树 Koelreuteia minor | 12.644 | |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 17.624 | 檵木 Loropetalum chinense | 12.609 | |
金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae | 17.099 | 菜豆树 Radermachera sinica | 11.244 | |
杉科 Taxodiaceae | 14.409 | 油竹 Bambusa surrecta | 10.510 | |
榆科 Ulmaceae | 13.292 | 广西密花树 Rapanea kwangsiensis | 8.115 | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | 12.620 | 杜茎山 Maesa japonica | 8.066 | |
紫葳科 Bignoniaceae | 11.244 | 石岩枫 Mallotus repandus | 8.007 | |
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae | 9.491 | 白毛长叶紫珠 Callicarpa longifolia | 7.537 | |
芸香科 Rutaceae | 8.932 | 粗糠柴 Mallotus philippensis | 8.520 | |
樟科 Lauraceae | 8.708 | 八角枫 Alangium chinense | 6.909 | |
五加科 Araliaceae | 7.026 | 红背山麻杆 Alchornea trewioides | 6.506 | |
八角枫科 Alangiaceae | 6.909 | 密花树 Rapanea neriifolia | 6.251 | |
漆树科 Anacarabiaceae | 5.893 | 朴树 Celtis sinensis | 5.916 | |
桑科 Moraceae | 5.437 | 通脱木 Tetrapanax papyriferum | 5.207 | |
豆科 Leguminosae | 4.875 | 掌叶木 Handeliodendron bodinieri | 4.976 | |
柿科 Ebenaceae | 4.797 | 厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis | 4.650 | |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 4.730 | 小叶山柿 Diospyros dumetorum | 4.540 |
图1 古周(A)、木莲(B)和木论(C)3个典型森林各80个样方的乔木层TWINSPAN分类图
Fig. 1 Dendrogram of the TWINSPAN classification in tree layer of 80 sampling plots in (A) Guzhou, (B) Mulian and (C) Mulun in Huanjiang County of Guangxi.
类型 Type | 密度 Density (plant/m2) | 平均冠幅 Average crown breadth (m) | 盖度 Coverage (%) | 平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm) | 平均高度 Average height (m) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | |||||
I | 0.34±0.027Bb | 68.75 | 1.49±0.709Aa | 163.20 | 61.00±5.223Cc | 76.39 | 2.800±0.294Bb | 55.50 | 3.10±0.413Bb | 55.24 | ||||
II | 0.59±0.049Aa | 73.73 | 1.14±0.064Aa | 50.56 | 108.32±8.545Bb | 70.56 | 2.40±0.208Bb | 55.70 | 2.76±0.137Bb | 44.53 | ||||
III | 0.49±0.023Aa | 60.70 | 1.93±0.054Aa | 24.97 | 194.65±12.570Aa | 57.76 | 6.39±0.178Aa | 29.43 | 4.78±0.107Aa | 19.97 |
表4 3类典型森林生态系统的群落结构
Table 4 Community structure of the three forest ecosystems
类型 Type | 密度 Density (plant/m2) | 平均冠幅 Average crown breadth (m) | 盖度 Coverage (%) | 平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm) | 平均高度 Average height (m) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | 均值 Mean | CV(%) | |||||
I | 0.34±0.027Bb | 68.75 | 1.49±0.709Aa | 163.20 | 61.00±5.223Cc | 76.39 | 2.800±0.294Bb | 55.50 | 3.10±0.413Bb | 55.24 | ||||
II | 0.59±0.049Aa | 73.73 | 1.14±0.064Aa | 50.56 | 108.32±8.545Bb | 70.56 | 2.40±0.208Bb | 55.70 | 2.76±0.137Bb | 44.53 | ||||
III | 0.49±0.023Aa | 60.70 | 1.93±0.054Aa | 24.97 | 194.65±12.570Aa | 57.76 | 6.39±0.178Aa | 29.43 | 4.78±0.107Aa | 19.97 |
类型 Type | 种类 Species number (Species/100 m2) | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener 指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | |||||||||
I | 7.86±0.57Bb | 64.50 | 0.798±0.018Aa | 19.67 | 2.129±0.124Bb | 52.23 | 0.728±0.033Bb | 40.80 | ||||||||
II | 8.53±0.52Bb | 54.63 | 0.569±0.035Bb | 54.83 | 1.919±0.123Bb | 57.48 | 0.583±0.034Cc | 52.49 | ||||||||
III | 13.55±0.80Aa | 52.99 | 0.846±0.001Aa | 9.34 | 3.171±0.077Aa | 21.73 | 0.886±0.018Aa | 6.09 |
表5 3类典型森林生态系统的物种多样性
Table 5 Species diversity of the three forest ecosystems
类型 Type | 种类 Species number (Species/100 m2) | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener 指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | 均值 Mean | CV (%) | |||||||||
I | 7.86±0.57Bb | 64.50 | 0.798±0.018Aa | 19.67 | 2.129±0.124Bb | 52.23 | 0.728±0.033Bb | 40.80 | ||||||||
II | 8.53±0.52Bb | 54.63 | 0.569±0.035Bb | 54.83 | 1.919±0.123Bb | 57.48 | 0.583±0.034Cc | 52.49 | ||||||||
III | 13.55±0.80Aa | 52.99 | 0.846±0.001Aa | 9.34 | 3.171±0.077Aa | 21.73 | 0.886±0.018Aa | 6.09 |
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